A Shovelful of Spades

28th June 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*rāmyos = oar, spade, shovel
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ráma = oar ráïd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage imm·rá = to row (about), navigate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rám(a), rámha = oar, spade imm-rá, immará = to row (around), navigate, go
Irish (Gaeilge)	rámh = oar rámhach = oared rámhaíocht = rowing, oarsmanship rámhainn = spade, spade-length rámhaí = oarsman rámhaigh = to row iomair = to row iomróir = oarsman, rower
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ràmh [r̪ˠaːv] = oar, paddle ràmhach [r̪ˠãːvəx] = row(ing) boat, set of oars ràmhachd [rˠ̪ãːvəxg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making ràmhadh [r̪ˠaːvəɣ] = (act of) rowing ràmhaiche, ràmhair [r̪ˠaːvɪçə / r̪ˠaːvɛrʲ] = oarsman, rower iomair [imɪrʲ] = to row (a boat) iomramhaiche [imərəvɪçə] = oarsman, rower
Manx (Gaelg)	raue = rowing raueder = rowing man ymmyrt = oar, rowing, to row, to launch ymmyrtagh = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing reuyrey = to delve, dig (up), root, spade
Proto-Brythonic	rrọβ = shovel, spade rruɨβ̃ = oar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rau, raỽ, raw, rhaw = shovel, spade rawyet, rhawieit = shoveful, spadeful rwyf, rỽyf, rwyff = oar, paddle rỽyuaỽ, rhwyfo = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhaw [r̥aːu̯ / r̥au̯] = shovel, spade rhaw(i)aid = shoveful, spadeful rhawffon = spade, shovel, paddle rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio = to shovel, dig rhawiwr = shoveller rhwyf = oar, paddle rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden = fin (of a fish), propeller rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner
Old Cornish	ruif = oar
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ruif, rev = oar, ruler, king ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur = rower, oarsman
Cornish (Kernewek)	reuv = shovel reuv arader = ploughshare rev = oar revya = to row, paddle
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	reuf = spade reuff, roeuff = oar
Breton (Brezhoneg)	roev = spade roeñv [rwẽʷ] = rowing, oar roenvier, roevier = rower, oarsman

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (to row). Words from the same PIE root include row, rudder and Russia in English, roeien (to row [with oars]) and riem (oar, paddle) in Dutch, ró (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, ro (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, rame (oar, paddle) in French [source].

Etymology: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin rēmus (oar), from Proto-Italic *rē(z)mos, from a PIE *h₁reh₁- (to row) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	slúasat = shovel
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	slúasat, slúasad = shovel, paddle, tooth slúaistech = shovel-like
Irish (Gaeilge)	sluasaid = shovel, shovelful sluaisteáil = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop sluaisteog = (small) shovelful sluaisteoir = shoveller
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sluasaid [sl̪uəsadʲ] = shovel, spade sluaist [sl̪uəʃdʲ] = shovel, spade sluaisreadh [sl̪uəʃrʲəɣ] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach
Manx (Gaelg)	sleayst = shovel sleaystey = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing sleaysteyder = shoveller, scooper

Etymology: unknown [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fàl [faːl̪ˠ] = scythe fàladair [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = scyther, reaper, mower fàlaireachd [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = scything, mowing fàlaid [faːl̪ˠadʲ] = scythe
Manx (Gaelg)	faayl = turfcutter, turfspade foll = scythe folderagh = to cut with a scythe, mowing
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	pelechi = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pal, pál = spade, shovel palach = cudgel, club, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pâl [paːl] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging, palach = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	pal = spade, shove, mattock
Cornish (Kernewek)	pal = spade palas = to dig, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pal = shovel, spade
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pal [pɑːl] = shovel, spade palad [ˈpɑːlat] = shoveled palat [ˈpɑːlat] = to dig palerez [pa.ˈleː.res] = excavator

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include collar, cult and wheel in English, and Hals (neck, throat) in German [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Light Lungs

25th June 202425th June 2024 By Simon

Words for light, lungs and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*skamos = light (weight)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	scam = lungs
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	scamán, scaman = lung scoim, scaim = lungs
Irish (Gaeilge)	scamhóg [sˠkəˈvˠoːɡ / ˈsˠkawoːɡ] = lung scamhógach = pulmonary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sgamhan [sgavan] = lung sgamhanach [sgavanəx] = pulmonary
Manx (Gaelg)	scowan = lung scowanagh = pulmonary, chesty, bronchial
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	scamnhegint = to lighten
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ysgaỽn, yscafyn, ysgavyn, ysgafyn, yscawin, ysgawn = light, quick, swift, nimble yscafny = to lighten escavynder, yscavnder = lightness, frivolity, levity yscaunhav, ysgauynhav, ysgauynhau = to lighten eskeueynt, (y)scheueyn, yscefeint, ysgyueint = lungs, lights (food)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ysgafn [ˈəsɡavn] = light, quick, swift, speedy, brisk, fleet, nimble, light-footed, mild, slight, cheap, easy, unimportant, trifling, soft (drink) (y)sgafnaf, (y)sgafnu = to lighten, become giddy, brighten ysgafnder = lightness, frivolity, levity ysgafnhad = lightening, alleviation ysgafnhau = to lighten (y)sgyfaint, (y)sgyfain = lungs, lights (food), pulmonary disease, pneumonia ysgyfeinaidd, ysgyfeiniol = pulmonary
Old Cornish	sceuens = lungs
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	scaf, scâv, scâff, sc(h)aff, sgav = light in weight, nimble scevens, sceuens, skephans = lungs, lights
Cornish (Kernewek)	skav = agile, flimsy, light, nimble, quick, slight, swift skavder = agility, quickness, speed skafhe = to lighten skevens = lungs scowanagh = pulmonary
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	scam = light, frivolous, alert
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	scanff = light, frivolous, alert scaffhat = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate squeuent, squèuent = lungs
Breton (Brezhoneg)	skañv [ˈskã(w)] = light, frivolous, alert skañvaad [skã.ˈfɑːt / skã.ˈvɑːt] = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate skañvbennadurezh = frivolity skañvded [ˈskãː.det] = lightness skevent [ˈskeː.vɛnt] = lungs, pulmonary

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem- [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	étromm [ˈeːdrum] = light étrommaigid = to lighten, alleviate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	étromm, etrom, étrom = light, airy, buoyant, slight, trifling, unimportant
Irish (Gaeilge)	éadrom [ˈiːa̯d̪ˠəɾˠəmˠ / ˈeːd̪ˠɾˠəmˠ] = light, not deep, weak, thin, sparse, frivolous, trivial, light-headed, free from care éadromaigeanta = light of spirit, light-hearted éadromaigh = to lighten éadromán = lightened, air-filled, object, balloon, float, light-headed person éadromántacht = light-headedness, frivolity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	aotrom [ɯːdrəm] = light, light-hearted, trivial, frivolous aotromachd [ɯːdrəməxg] = lightness, levity, buoyancy aotromaich [ɯːdrəmɪç] = lighten, make ligter, alleviate aotromas [ɯːdrəməs] = lightness
Manx (Gaelg)	eddrym = light(weight), unsubstantial, slight, mild, feint, benign, weak, empty (headed), flighty, shallow, silly, vain, frivolous eddrymaghey = to lighten, unburden, alleviate, ease eddrymid = lightness, levity, giddiness, mildness, shallowness eddrymys = lightness, levity

Etymology: from Old Irish é- (un-) and trom (heavy) [source]. More on words for heavy in Celtic languages.

Acorns

13th June 2024 By Simon

Words for acorns and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*messus = acorn, tree fruit
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mess [mʲes] = nuts and berries, mast (fruit of forest trees, esp. if fallen and used as fodder for pigs, etc)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mes(s) = tree fruit, mast mes(s)ach = fruitful
Irish (Gaeilge)	meas [mʲasˠ] = fruit of forest tree, mast, offspring (literary) measach = fruitful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	meas [mes] = fruit, mast measraich [mɛsrɪç] = jam measach [mesəx] = fruitful, fruity measag [mesag] = small fruit
Manx (Gaelg)	mess = fruit, issue mess yn darragh = acorn messoil = fruitful, fructiferous, plentiful, prolific, productive
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals) messyryt, mesyryd = (abundance of) mast, autumn
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals mes derw = oakmast, acorns mes Iau = chestnuts mesa = to gather acorns, feed pigs on acorns mesaig = meal of acorns mesog = abounding in acorns, acorn-bearing, glandular, glandulous meswr = acorn gatherer
Old Cornish	mesin, mesen = acorn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	mesen = acorn
Cornish (Kernewek)	mesen = acorn mes = acorns
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	mes = acorns, glands
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mez, mès, mes = acorns, glands
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mezenn, mesenn = acron, gland mez, mes [meːs] = acrons, glands mesa = to look for acorns

Etmology: unknown, possibly from an non-Indo-European source [source].

Proto-Celtic	*derkos = berry (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	derc [dʲerk] = berry dercu = acorn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	derc = berry dercu, derucc, dearca, dercain = acorn dercnach = abounding in acorns
Irish (Gaeilge)	dearc = berry (literary) dearca = acorn dearcán = acorn, (head of) thistle dearcnach = abounding in acorns
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dearc [dʲɛr̪ˠxg] = berry dearc-dharaich = acorn dearcach [dʲɛr̪ˠxgəx] = pertaining to or abounding in berries dearcag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgag] = small berry, shinty ball dearcnag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgnag] = blackberry, brambles

Etmology: from PIE *dʰreh₂ǵ-, or from *derḱ- (to see) [source].

Another word for acorn in Welsh is gwerbl, the origins of which are uncertain.

Mixed & Confused

7th June 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re getting mixed up and confused about words for drunk and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	miskos = mixture, confusion miskati = to mix, confuse kom-miskos = mixture, confusion kommiskati = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mesc [mʲesk] = drunk, intoxicated mescae [ˈmʲeskɘ] = drunkenness, intoxication mescaid = to confuse mesctha = confused, intoxicated con·mesca [konˈmʲeska] = to mix together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mesc(c) = drunk, intoxicated, mixed, confused, muddled, confusion mescae = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment, excitment mescaid = to mix, bewilder, confuse, confound mesctha = confused, intoxicated, mixed, variegated con-mesca = to mix together, conmingle, join, unite
Irish (Gaeilge)	measc [mʲasˠk] = jumble, confusion, to mix (up), blend, stir meascadh = (ad)mixture, confusion meascán = mass, lump, mixture, jumble, muddle meascthóir = mixer, stirrer meisce [ˈmʲɛʃcɪ / ˈmʲɪʃcɪ] = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment ar meisce = drunk, intoxicated meisceoir = drunkard meisceoireacht = drunkenness, inebriety meisciúil = intoxicating, drunken, addicted to drinking cumaisc = to mix together, blend, combine, compound, cohabit
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	measg [mesg] = mix, stir, mingle am measg [ə mesg] = amongst, among measgach [mesgəx] = sociable, gregarious, promiscuous measgachadh [mesgəxəɣ] = mixing, mixure, combining measgadair = mixer measgadh [mesgəɣ] = mixing, stirring, mingling, mixture misg [miʃgʲ] = drunkenness, inebriation, insobriety air misg = drunk misgeach [miʃgʲəx] = heady, drunk, intoxicated misgear [miʃgʲər] = drunkard, tippler coimeasg [kɔiməsg] = combine, merge, blend, mix coimeasgadh [kɔməsgəɣ] = combining, combination, merging, merger, blending
Manx (Gaelg)	mastey = amid(st), among(st), mingled, within, mixture mestey = compound, mixture, jumble; to confuse, mix, mingle, mash, shuffle, stir mestey-vestey = concoction, melee, mix up meshtey [ˈmeʃtə] = inebriety er meshtey = drunk, inebriated, intoxicated meshtallagh = drunk(ard), boozer, inebriate meshtallaght = promiscuity, drunkenness meshtallys, meshtelllys, meshtyrys = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication covestey = to mix, mingle, merge covestit = mixed, mingled, blended
Proto-Brythonic	mɨsk = amid, amidst mɨskad [mɨˈsˑkaːd] = to blend, mix, confuse kɨm-mɨsk = mixed, confused (?) kummɨskad = to mingle, confuse, mix
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mysc = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused mysci, mysgi = turmoil, tumult cymysc, kymysc, kymmysc, kymysg = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture cymyscu, kemescu, kymysgu, kymyscu = to mix, mixed, blend, compound cymysced, cymmyscedd = mixture, compound, jumble ymysg, ym mysc = among, between
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mysg [mɨːsk / mɪsk] = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused, midst mysgaf, mysgu = to undo, untie, unpick, unravel, disentangle, loosen, mix, mingle, jumble mysgi = turmoil, tumult cymysg [ˈkʰəmɨ̞sk / ˈkʰəmɪsk] = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture cymysgaf, cymysg(u) = to mix, mixed, blend, compound ymysg = among, between, in the midst of
Old Cornish	commisc = mixed
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	mysc, mŷsk = midst, middle cemescys, kemeskis, kemeskys = mixture cemyscy, kemyskys, cymyscys, kemyskis = to mingle, mix
Cornish (Kernewek)	mysk, mesk = midst myska, meska = to blend, involve, mingle myskas, myskii = mongrel kemmysk = mix kemyska = to mix, jumble, mingle kemyskans = mixture kemyskedh = hybrid kemyskell = mixer (machine)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mesc = mixture, chaos, disorder mescaff, meskaff = to mix, blend, stir quemesq [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion quemesq(a) = to mix, merge
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mesk [mesk] = mixture, chaos, disorder meskaj [ˈmes.kaʃ] = mixure meskañ [ˈmeskã] = to mix, blend, stir meskata [ˈmeskat:a] = mixer kemmesk [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion kemmeskad = composite kemmeskañ = to mix, merge

Etymology: from PIE *miḱsḱéti (to mix), from *meyḱ- (to mix) [source].

Words from the same roots include mash, meddle, medley, melee, miscellaneous, mix and promiscuous in English, mêler (to mix, meddle in, get mixed up in, shuffle) in French, mischen (to mix, shuffle) in German, and miesić (to knead) in Polish [source].

For words for drunk and related things in Brythonic languages, see the Celtiadur post Honey Wine.

Honey Wine

4th June 2024 By Simon

Words for mead, wine and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	medu = mead, wine, alcoholic drink medwos = drunk
Celtiberian	Mezu-kenos = personal name “mead-born”
Gaulish	medu = mead Medu-genos = personal name “mead-born”
Primitive Irish	medu = mead
Primitive Irish	ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (medu) = mead ᚋᚓᚇᚇᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ (meddogeni) = personal name “mead-born” ᚋᚓᚇᚃᚃᚔ (medvvi) = personal name “meady”
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mid [mʲið] = mead Midgen = personal name “mead-born”
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mid, midh = mead medb = strong, intoxicating (liquor)
Irish (Gaeilge)	meá [mʲæh / mʲa(h)] = mead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	meadh [mjɤɣ] = mead meadhach = fuddled with mead, like mead, abounding in mead
Manx (Gaelg)	meddagh = mead-maker
Proto-Brythonic	*með [mɛːð] = mead
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	med = mead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	met, med = mead meddawt, meddavt, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication meddfaeth, metveith, meduaeth, medweith = nourished on mead, having feastedon mead, mead-feast medgell, meddgell = mead-cellar, drink-cellar met kirn, medgyrn, metgyrn, meddgyrn = mead-horn, drinking-horn metv, medw, meddw = drunk medwyt, medwi, meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to get drunk
Welsh (Cymraeg)	medd [meːð] = mead meddaidd = like mead, sweet medd-dod, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication meddfaeth = luxurious, soft, gentle, delicate, pampered, effeminate meddw [ˈmɛðu] = drunk, intoxicated, fuddled, tipsy meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to be(come) drunk or tipsy, to be intoxicated or inebriated, to make drunky
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	medh, medu, meddou = mead medhas = drunkenness, intoxication medho = drunken, intoxicated
Cornish (Kernewek)	medh = mead, hydromel medhow = drunk, intoxicated medhwenep = drunkenness, intoxication medhwi = to intoxicate, make drunk medhwynsi = drunkenness
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	medot = mead
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mez = mead
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mez [meː(s)] = mead mezv [mɛ(z)w] = drunk, wobbly (furniture) mezventi = alcoholism mezvier = drunkard mezvierezh = drunkenness mezviñ [ˈmɛ(z)vĩ] = to get drunk mezvus [ˈmɛ(z)vys] = intoxicating, heady

Etymology: from PIE *médʰu (honey, honey wine, mead), possibly related to Proto-Semitic *mataḳ- (sweet) [source].

Words from the same roots include mead in English, mead in English, mjöður (mead) in Icelandic, медведь [mʲɪdˈvʲetʲ] (bear, large clumsy person, lit. “honey eater”) in Russian, mesi (nectar) in Finnish, and possibly 蜜 (mì / mitsu – honey) in Chinese and Japanese and 밀 (mil – beeswax, honey) in Korean [source].

The Irish name Méabh (Maeve) also comes from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic	*wīnom = wine
Leptonic	𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom) = wine
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fín = wine fín acat = vinegar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	fín = wine fínán = cheap wine fínda = pertaining to wine fínmar = having abundance of wine fíntan = vineyard
Irish (Gaeilge)	fíon [fʲiːn̪ˠ] = wine fíonchaor = grape fíoncheannaí = wine merchant, vintner fíonda = vinous, pertaining to wine fíondaite = wine-coloured fíonghort [ˈfʲiːnˠˌɣɔɾˠtˠ] = vineyard fíonmhar = rich in wine, vinous fíonsaothrú = viticulture
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fìon [fiən] = wine fìon-chaor [fiən xɯːr] = grape fìon-chrann = grapevine fìon-fhoghar = wine harvest, vintage fìon-geur = vinegar fìon-lios = vineyard fìonadair = wine-maker
Manx (Gaelg)	feeyn = wine feeyney = of wine, vinous feeyneyder = wine-maker, vintner feeyneydys = viticulture berrish-feeyney = grape feeyn geayr = vinegar fouyr feeyney = vintage garey feeyney = vineyard
Proto-Brythonic	*gwin = wine
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	guin = wine
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gvin, guin, gwin = wine gwinblas = mansion where wine is dispensed in abundance gwindeveirn = wine-tavern gwindy, gwin-dŷ = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house guinegyr, gwinegyr = vinegar guinlann, gwinllan(n) = vineyard, vine
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine, fermented liquor made from the juice of fruits (apples, elderberries, rhubarb, gooseberries, etc), like wine, pleasant, sweet, fine, excellent gwinbren = vine gwindy = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house gwinegr = vinegar gwinllan = vineyard, vine, copse, grove, wood, plantation gwinwr, gwinydd = vintner, vine-grower, vine-dresser, vineyard owner
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwin, guin = wine gwinbren, guinbren = vine
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine gwinbren = vine gwinlan = vineyard gwinyer = winemaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guin = wine guiniin = vines
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guin, guyn = wine guiny, guyni = vines guynieyer = vineyard
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwin [ɡwĩːn / ɡɥĩːn] = wine gwinegr [ɡwĩnˈɛk(r)] = vinegar gwini [ˈɡɥĩːni] = vines gwinieg [ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛk] = vineyard gwinier [ɡwĩ.ˈniː.ɛr / ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛr] = winemaker gwinioniezh [ɡɥĩ.nɔ̃ˈniː.ɛs] = oenology

Etymology: from Latin vīnum (wine, grapes, grapevine), from Proto-Italic *wīnom (wine), from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom (wine, vine). The Welsh and Cornish words come from Latin via Proto-Celtic, the Breton and Goidelic words were borrowed direct from Latin, and the Leptonic word comes direct from Proto-Italic [source].

Words from the same roots include wine, vine, vinegar and oenology (the scientific study of wines and winemaking) in English, wijn (wine) in Dutch, vino (wine) in Italian, wino (wine) in Polish, and possibly ወይን (wäyn – grape) in Amharic [source].

Eyebrows

28th May 202431st May 2024 By Simon

Words for eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*abrant- = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc)	abra = eyelash
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	abra eyelash, eyelid fabra = eyelash, eyelid, fringe
Irish (Gaeilge)	fabhra, abhra = eyelash, (eye)brow fabhraí = fringe fabhraíoch = pertaining to eyelashes, ciliary fabhrán = cilium
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	abhra [aurə] = eyelid, eyelash abhrad [aurəd] = eyelid, eyelash fabhra [faurə] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe fabhrad [faurəd] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe
Manx (Gaelg)	ferroogh = eyelash, eyelid
Proto-Brythonic	*abrant = eyelid
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	amrant, amraỽt = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow
Welsh (Cymraeg)	amrant [ˈamrant] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow ar amrant = in the twinkling of an eye, instantly amrantaf, amrantu = to blink, wink, shut (eyes), doze, slumber sleep, fall asleep amrantiad = twinkling of an eye, instant amrantun = nap, sleep amrantyn = twinkling of an eye, moment, instant, eyelid
Old Cornish	abrans = eyebrow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	abrans = eyebrow
Cornish (Kernewek)	abrans [ˈabrans] = eyebrow
Middle Breton	abrant = eyebrow abrantec = with large eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg)	abrant [ˈa.brãnt] = eyebrow abranteg = finicky, pernickety, haughty, supercilious, punctilious abrantek = with large eyebrows

Etymology: related to Proto-Celtic *brū- (brow), from PIE *h₃bʰrúHs (eyebrow) [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*malaxs = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mala = eyebrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mala = eyebrow
Irish (Gaeilge)	mala [ˈmˠɑl̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow, slope, incline
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	mala [mal̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow malairneach [mal̪ˠər̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = frowning malach [mal̪ˠəx] = having / pertaining to eyebrows
Manx (Gaelg)	mollee = brow, eyebrow
Middle Breton	maluen = eyelid, eyebrow maluennec = having big eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg)	malvenn [ˈmal.vɛn] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow, canopy malvenneg = ciliated malvennek = having big eyebrows malvennin, malvenniñ = to blink

Etymology: from PIE *ml̥Hdʰo- [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Old Welsh (Kembraec)	ail = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ael = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead, edge, border, hem, side, summit aeldew = thick-browed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ael [aːɨ̯l / ai̯l] = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead aeldew = thick-browed aeldrist = sad-faced aeldrwm = heavy-browed, frowning aeliad, aelio = to protrude aeliog = (big-/large-)browed, large-brimmed
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guorail = eyebrow

Etymology: unknown [source].

The End

24th May 202426th May 2024 By Simon

Words for end, after and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*dīwedom = end
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dead [ˈdʲe] = end, conclusion, limit déidenach = final, last deired [ˈdʲerʲəð] = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dead, deud, diud = end, conclusion, limit i ndead, inna dead = below, further on, after, behind, since co dead = forever, to the end, always fo deoid = = at last, in the end, ultimately deired = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion deiredach = coming at the end, latest, last
Irish (Gaeilge)	diaidh [dʲiəɟ / dʲiə] as diaidh = after, behind diaidh ar/i ndiaidh = gradually i ndiaidh [əˈnʲiəɟ / əˈn̠ʲeːj] = after, later, subsequently ina ndiaidh sin [ɪnˠə ˈjiə ʃin] = afterwards, after that deireadh = end, conclusion, termination deireanach = last, late, latter, recent deireanaí = lateness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dèidh [dʲeː] = after an dèidh [ən̪ʲˈdʲeː] = after, behind dèidheanach = last, hindmost deireadh [dʲerʲəɣ] = end, rear, stem, remains, leftovers deireannach [dʲerʲənˠəx] = final, last, ultimate, hindmost, latter, late, tardy, slow, posterior, backward
Manx (Gaelg)	jei = afterwards, after, behind jei shoh = henceforth jei-cheeayllagh = retarded, backward jerrey = back, close, conclusion, effect, end, expiration, expiry, extreme, finale, finish jerrinagh = absolute, belated, closing, end, final, last jerrinaght = absoluteness, final, finality
Proto-Brythonic	*diweð [ˈlɔːn] = end, ending
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	diued = end
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	diuet, diwet, dyuet, diwed, diỽed = end, close, conclusion diwedho, diwed = to end, finish, close diwedar, diweddar = late, recent, modern, deceased
Welsh (Cymraeg)	diwedd [ˈdɪu̯ɛð] = end, close, conclusion, consumation, termination, extremity, death, event, issue diweddaf, diwedd(u) = to end, finish, close, terminate, perish, put an end to diweddar [dɪu̯ˈɛðar] = late, recent, modern, deceased diweddaru = to modernize, get or become late diweddaf [dɪu̯ˈɛθav] = last, final, previous, most recent ar y diwedd = in the end, at the end, at last, ultimately, finally o’r diwedd = at last, finally
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	diwedh, dewedh = an end, bound, goal, limit diwedha = late, utmost diwedhas = late diwedhe = to end, finish, accomplish diwedhva = an ending place, end, conclusion
Cornish (Kernewek)	diwedh = end, outcome heb diwedh = endlessly, continuously, eternal war an diwedh = at long last, finally, in the long term diwedha = to end, expire diwedhans = expiry diwedhes = late diwedhva = destination, end, ending diwedhys = ended, late, over
Old Breton	diued = end
Middle Breton	divez, diuez = end diuezaff = last, final
Breton (Brezhoneg)	diwezh [ˈdiwːɛ(s)] = end, final diwezhañ [di.ˈweː.zã] = last, final diwezhat [diˈweː(z)at] = late, remained, backward diwezhataat = to postpone, adjorn

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dīwedeti (to stop), *dī- (from, away) and *wedeti (to lead), from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰeti (to lead), from *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include engage, gage, wage, wager and wed in English, and gager (to guarantee, wager, bet) in French [source]. The word Taoiseach (the Head of the Irish government), possibly comes from the same roots [source].

Glens and Valleys

17th May 202418th May 2024 By Simon

Here are some words for valley, glen and related things that are found in some or all of the Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Strath Croe

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*stratos = valley
Old Irish (Goídelc)	srath = grassland, swarth
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	srath, sreth, sraith = grass, sward, valley, bottom, meadow or grassy place near a river, fine, tax
Irish (Gaeilge)	srath [sˠɾˠa(h)] = river valley, low-lying land along a river srathach = bottom, low-lying, marshy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	srath [sdrah] = strath, wide valley, vale srathach = pertaining to or abounding in straths / wide valleys
Manx (Gaelg)	strah = level valley, plain, strath, flatness
Proto-Brythonic	*strad = valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ystrad, istrad, ystrat = (floor of a) valley, vale, plain
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ystrad [ˈəsdrad] = (floor of a) valley, vale, plain
Old Cornish	stræt = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	strat = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Cornish (Kernewek)	stras = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	strat = bottom, low ground
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	strat = bottom, low ground
Breton (Brezhoneg)	stad [strɑːt] = bottom, low ground

Etymology: the Proto-Indo-European *str̥h₃tós (stretched, spread), from *sterh₃- (to spread, extend, stretch out [Source]. Words from the same roots include sternum, strategy, stratus, stray, street (a type of cloud) and stratosphere in English, estrato (layer, stratum, stratus [cloud]) in Spanish, and sarnu (to trample, tread, ruin) in Welsh [Source].

Cwm Idwal

Proto-Celtic	*kumbā = valley
Transalpine Gaulish	*cumba = valley
Gaulish	*kumba = valley
Irish (Gaeilge)	com [kʌmˠ] = coomb, cirque, mountain recess
Proto-Brythonic	*komm = valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cum, cwm(m), kwm = a deep narrow valley, dale, dingle kwm(m)an = hump, stoop, hunchback, rump kwmarch, cwmaearch = ravine, dingle, little valley
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cwm [ˈəsdrad] = a deep narrow valley, coom, glen, dale; hollow, bowl-shaped depression cwmach = a stoop cwman = hump, stoop, hunchback, rump cwmanu = to stoop, hunch cwmanllyd, cwmanog = hunchbacked, crooked, bent cwmarch = ravine, dingle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	cum = a valley opening downwards, from a narrow point, a dingle
Cornish (Kernewek)	komm = cirque, corrie, cwm
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	comm = combe, small valley, (water) trough, river-bed
Breton (Brezhoneg)	komm [ˈkɔ̃mː] = combe, small valley, (water) trough, river-bed komman, kommañ = to form hollows kommek = forming hollows

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kumbʰos / *kumbʰéh₂, either from PIE *kew- (bend) or a from non-Indo-European substrate [Source].

Words from the same roots include cwm, combe (a valley or hollow, often wooded and with no river; a cirque) in English, combe (combe) in French, and coma (combe, cwm, cirque; an alpine meadow situated between two peaks) in Catalan [Source].

A dingle is a small, narrow or enclosed, usually wooded valley [Source].

Glenfinnan / Gleann Fhionnain

Proto-Celtic	*glendos = valley
Old Irish (Goídelc)	glenn [ɡʲlʲen͈] = valley
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	glenn = valley, hollow, depression glennach = having vales or hollows, curly (hair)
Irish (Gaeilge)	gleann [ɟlʲɑun̪ˠ(h) / ɟlʲɑːn̪ˠ / ɟlʲan̪ˠ] = glen, hollow gleann = abounding in glens, hollow-backed, wavy (hair) gleanntán = small glen, dell, dale gleanntóir = glensman, dalesman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gleann [glaun̪ˠ] = glen, valley gleannach [glan̪ˠəx] = having or related to glens, steep sided gleannan [glan̪ˠan] = small glen / valley gleann crochte = hanging valley gleann sgoraidh = rift valley
Manx (Gaelg)	glion(e) [ɡlʲɔᵈn] = valley, glen, vale, creek
Proto-Brythonic	*glɨnn [ɡlɨnː] = glen, dale, valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	glynn, glyn = glen, dingle, dale, dell (wooded) valley
Welsh (Cymraeg)	glyn [ɡlɨ̞n / ɡlɪn] = glen, dingle, dale, dell (wooded) valley, gloom, distressing experience
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	glen, glyn = valley (through which a river flows), a woody valley, dale
Cornish (Kernewek)	glynn, glydn = deep wooded valley, glen
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	glenn, glen = earth, country
Breton (Brezhoneg)	glen = bottom, low ground

Etymology: the Proto-Indo-European *glendos (shore). Words from the same root include klit (dune) in Danish, klettur (rock, crag, cliff) in Icelandic, and cleit (rocky outcrop, cliff, reef) in Scottish Gaelic [Source].

The Irish word ailt refers to a steep-sided glen, ravine, height or cliff. There are cognate words in other Celtic languages, such as allt (hill, slope, cliff) in Welsh [More details].

Nant Gwrtheyrn

Proto-Celtic	*nantos / nantus = stream, valley
Gaulish	nanto, nantu = valley
Proto-Brythonic	*nant [nant] = stream, river, valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	nant = river, stream, brook
Welsh (Cymraeg)	nant [nant] = river, stream, brook, rivulet; torrent, ditch, valley, glen, dale; ravine, gorge nentig, nennig = small stream
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	nans = valley, dale, ravine
Cornish (Kernewek)	nans [nans / nænz] = dale, vale, valley krognans = hanging valley
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	nant = valley with watercourses
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	nant, ant = valley with watercourses
Breton (Brezhoneg)	nant [nãnt] = valley with watercourses (found in place names – archaic)

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *nemetom (sacred place, sanctuary), from the Proto-Indo-European *nem- (to give, take, distribute) [source].

The Francoprovençal word nant (stream) comes from the same Proto-Celtic roots [source], as does the French place name Nanterre [source], the Irish word neimheadh (sanctuary, privilege of rank, holy thing), and the Breton word neved / neñved (sanctuary) [source].

More details of words for Streams and Currents in Celtic languages.

Old Welsh (Kembraec)	t(o)nou = valley, vale, hollow, dale
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tnou, tonou, tyno, tino = valley, vale, hollow, dale
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tyno = valley, vale, hollow, dale, plain, green
Cornish (Kernewek)	tnow = dale, valley-bottom
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	tenou, tnou = bottom, lower part, valley
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	tnou [trãw] = bottom, lower part, valley trauyen = valley
Breton (Brezhoneg)	traoñ, traou [trãw] = bottom, lower part, valley (found in place names) traoñienn [ˈtrãw.jɛn] = valley

Etymology: unknown [Source].

Another Welsh word for valley is dyffryn [ˈdəfrɨ̞n / ˈdəfrɪn], which comes from dwfr (water) and hynt (course, way). There are no cognates in other Celtic languages, as far as I can discover [Source].

Bodies

10th May 2024 By Simon

Words for body and related things in Celtic languages.

Body

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	corp [korp] = (human) body, coprse, Eucharist, Communion, bulk, mass, main part, body (of text)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	corp = (human) body, corpse, Eucharist, Communion, bulk, mass, main part, body (of text) corpḟine = kin, family
Irish (Gaeilge)	corp [kɔɾˠpˠ/kʌɾˠpˠ] = body, corpse, bodily frame, main part, trunk, hulk corpanta = big-bodied, corpulent, total, out and out corpeolaíocht = physiology corplach = body, torso corplár = centre, core corpoideachas = physical education corprach = corporeal corpaigh = to incorporate corprú = incorporation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	corp [kɔrb] = body, corpse corp-eòlas = anatomy corpach = pertaining to the body, bodied, corpulent corpachadh = incorporating, incorporation corpaichte = incorporated corpas = corpus corporachd = corporation
Manx (Gaelg)	corp = (human) body, corpse, trunk (of tree), physique, hull (of ship), solid corpagh = bodily, corporal, incarnate, physical cocorp = corporation, burgh cochorpaghey = embodiment, incorporation; to embody, incorporate
Proto-Brythonic	korf = body korfor = body, corpse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	corff, corph = the whole, mass, bulk, main portion, gathering, assembly, society, substance, heavenly body, body, trunk, bodice, corpse corphi = to taste, starve, embody corffawc, corphol = corpulent, portly, stout, bulky corfor, corffor = body, corpse corforavl, korfforawl, corfforaỽl = bodily, corporeal, physical, corpulent, incoporated
Welsh (Cymraeg)	corff [kɔrf] = the whole, mass, bulk, main portion, gathering, assembly, society, substance, heavenly body, body, trunk, bodice, corpse corff(i)af, coffi(o) = to taste, take food, starve (with cold, die, be(come) a corpse, embody, incorporate corffog, corffol = corpulent, portly, stout, bulky, bodily, physical, incorporated, corporate corffor = body, corpse, constitution corfforol = bodily, corporeal, physical, corpulent, incoporated
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	corf = (the/a) body, human body
Cornish (Kernewek)	korf = body, person korflan = cemetry, graveyard korfliw = tattoo korforeth = corporation korforethel = corporate korfwithyas = bodyguard
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	corff, corf, corph = body
Breton (Brezhoneg)	korf [ˈkɔrf] = body, corpse, constitution, trunk korfadur = constitution korfadurezh = anatomy korfan, korfañ = to have/gain body, to be constituted korfeg, korfek = corpulent korfenn [ˈkɔr.fɛn] = bodice, corset korfus = bodily

Etymology: from Latin corpus (body, person, substance, material) from Proto-Italic *korpos (body), from PIE *krep- (body) [source].

Words from the same roots include corps (an organized group of people united by a common purpose), corpus (a collection of writings) and corpse (a dead body) and midriff (the middle section of the human torso) in English, corps (body) in French and cryf (strong) in Welsh [source].

Meaty Flesh

30th April 2024 By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for meat, flesh, breast and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*kīkos = breast
Primitive Irish	ᚉᚉᚔᚉᚐ (ccica-) = breast ᚉᚉᚔᚉᚐᚋᚔᚅᚔ (ccicamini) = male given name
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cích [kʲiːx] = breast Cíchmuine [ˈkʲiːxmunʲe] = male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cích [kʲiːx] = pap, breast, nipple, teat cíchech, cīgech [ˈkʲiːxʲəx] = big-chested Cichmuine, Cichmhuine, Cíchmaine = male given name
Irish (Gaeilge)	cíoch [ciəx] = breast, pap, papilla, protuberance cíochach = mammary cíochbheart = bra(ssiere) cíoch-chruthach = mammiform
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cìoch [kʲiəx] = breast, pap cìochach [kʲiəxəx] = mammary, pertainning to breasts, ample-bosomed cìochag cìoch [kʲiəxag] = valve, small breast cìocharan [kʲiəxan] = suckling infant
Manx (Gaelg)	keeagh [kiːx] = breast, bud, nipple, pap, teat keeaghagh = mammary
Proto-Brythonic	*kig = meat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cic, kic = meat cigva meat market, butcher’s shop, shambles, slaughter-house, carnage cicbran, cicuran, kigvrain, kicfran = raven kicawc, kigawc = meaty, fleshy kiccyd, kygyd, kigydd = butcher
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cig [kiːɡ] = meat, flesh cigaf, cigo = to fatten, become fleshy cigaidd = meaty, fleshy, bloody, cruel, carnivorous, cigfa meat market, butcher’s shop, shambles, slaughter-house, carnage cigfran = raven cigog = meaty, fleshy cigydd = butcher
Old Cornish	cic, chic = meat, flesh
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cig, kig = meat, flesh cigliu = flesh-coloured cigver, kiguer = flesh-fork
Cornish (Kernewek)	kig = meat, flesh kiger, kigores = butcher kigereth = butchery, slaughterhouse kigliw = flesh (colour), pink kigti, kigva = butcher’s, butchery, slaughterhouse
Old Breton	cic = meat, flesh
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	quic = meat, flesh quicguec = fleshy, muscled
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kig [kiːk] = meat, flesh kigder = overweight kigek = fleshy, muscular, plump kigenn [ˈkiːɡɛn] = complexion, muscule kigennan, kigennañ = to build muscule, to heal kigennek [kiˈɡɛnːek] = muscule kiger [ˈkiːɡɛr] = butcher kigerezh [ki.ˈɡɛː.rɛs] = butcher’s shop

Etymology: assumed to be of expressive/imitative origin [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	brollach = breast, bosom, chest
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	brollach, brothlach = breast, bosom, chest
Irish (Gaeilge)	brollach [bˠəɾˠˈl̪ˠax/ˈbˠɾˠɔl̪ˠəx] = breast, bosom, front, beginning, preface, prologue brollaiocht = close wrestling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	brollach [brɔl̪ˠəx] = bosom, breast, bust, chest, brisket
Manx (Gaelg)	brollagh = bosom, breast

Etymology: related to the Old Irish bruinne (breast) and brú (belly) [source]. See also the post about Hills

Proto-Celtic	*weɸolis = flesh, meat (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	feóil, féuil [fʲeːu̯lʲ] = flesh, meat
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	feóil, feól = flesh, meat feólaigid = to make or form flesh feólairecht = butchery, slaughter feólamail = the flesh, worldly feólmar = fleshy
Irish (Gaeilge)	feoil [fʲoːlʲ/fʲɔːlʲ] = flesh, meat feoilteach = carnivorous feoilteoir = carnivore feoilséantóir = vegetarian feoilaire = butcher feoilmhar = fleshy, fat, flabby
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	feòil [fjɔːl̪ˠ] = flesh, meat feòil-itheach [fjɔːl̪ˠ içəx] = carnivorous feòil-itheadair [fjɔːl̪ˠ içədɪrʲ] = carnivore feòil-sheachnair = vegetarian
Manx (Gaelg)	feill [feːlʲ] = flesh, meat feillagh = fleshy, meaty feill-eeagh = carnivorous feilleyder = butcher feill-haghnagh = vegetarian (adj) feill-haghneyder = vegetartian (person)

Etymology: uncertain [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	cnes = skin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cnes, cnis, cneis, cneas = skin, surface, body, flesh, bosom, breast
Irish (Gaeilge)	cneas [cnʲasˠ/cɾʲasˠ] = skin, good appearance cneasach = covered with skin, cutaneous cneasaí = close companion, spouse, healer cneasaigh = to cicatrize, heal cneasluiteach = skintight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cneas [krʲẽs] = skin, bosom cneasachadh [krʲesəxəɣ] = (act of) squeezing, tightening, pressing, making slender, curing, healing
Proto-Brythonic	*knōto- = flesh (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	knaud, cnaut, knaỽt, knawt = flesh knowdio = to incarnate, gather flesh, be conceived knaỽtaỽl, knaỽdaỽl, knoawdol = bodily, carnal, physical, sensual, fleshy, plump
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cnawd [knau̯d] = flesh cnawdaidd = pertaining to the flesh, carnal cnawd(i)edig = fleshy, carnal cnawdiad = incarnation, putting on of flesh cnawdiaf, cnawdio = to incarnate, gather flesh, be conceived cnawdig = fleshy, carnal, fat, plump cnawdol = bodily, carnal, physical, sensual, fleshy, plump
Cornish (Kernewek)	kneus = skin
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kneud = carnality, fleshliness (?)

Etymology: possibly from PIE *kneu-t- [source].

More Celtic words for breast and meat can be found on the posts about Hills, Central Hearts, Baskets, Wings, Bones, Fatty Lard and Food