– mégalithe (m) = megalith = megalith / maen mawr
– menhir (m) = standing stone = maen hir
– dolmen (m) = dolmen = dolmen / cromlech
– tombe (f) tombeau (m) = tomb = bedd
– faire dévier de son sujet / distraire / dérouter = to sidetrack = gwrthdynnu / troi o’r neilltu
– s’écarter de son sujet = to get sidetracked
– en liquide = in cash = ym mhres / yn arian parod
– payer comptant = to pay cash = talu drwy/ag arian parod
– petite caisse = petty cash = arian pitw/mân
– argent liquide = ready cash = arian/pres parod
– monnaie (f) = change = newid (?)
– guérir = to cure (illness, problem, habit) = iacháu / gwella
– remède (m) = a cure = iachâd / gwellhad
– agent secret = secret agent = asiant cudd
– sous contrôle = under control = dan rheolaeth
– c’est une honte! = it’s a disgrace! = mae’n waradwydd!
– grange (f) = barn = ysgubor
– injection (f) piqûre (f) = injection = pigiad
Category: French (français)
Cars, carts and chariots
Last week I was told that the English word car originally comes from the Irish word carr (donkey cart). Apparently when cars came to Ireland Irish speakers thought it was better to come up with a new word for them than to name them after the humble donkey cart, so the term gluaisteán (‘moving thing’) was coined. I hadn’t heard about this before so thought I’d check it.
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary the English word car has been used to refer to a wheeled vehicle since 1300 and comes from the Old Northern French word carre, from the Latin carrum/carrus, which originally referred to a two-wheeled Celtic war chariot, from the Gaulish word karros, from the Proto-Indo-European word *krsos, from the root *kers- (to run).
There are related words in Welsh carr (cart, wagon), and in Breton: karr (chariot, cart), in Cornish: karr (car), in Manx: carr (car), in Spanish and Italian: carro (cart, wagon) and probably in other languages.
The word chariot comes from the same root as car, but cart probably comes from the Old Norse word kart-r (cart), according to the OED.
Another vehicle-related word we discussed last week is carbad (chariot), from the Old Irish carpat (war-chariot, waggon). It is related to the Welsh cerbyd (vehicle, car, carriage, coach), the Old Breton cerpit, the Gaulish carpentoracte, from the Latin corbis (basket), from carpentum (two wheeled chariot), which was probably borrowed from Gaulish. The root idea is ‘wicker’, referring to the basket character of the body of these chariots.
Gleann Cholm Cille
I returned to Bangor from the Isle of Man yesterday after a very enjoyable week at Yn Chruinnaght. I spoke and sang lots of Manx, and heard all the other Celtic languages, except Breton, being spoken and/or sung. I also spoke a bit of French and German, and even some English.
I was even inspired to write a new song while I was there, which is even sillier than my previous efforts.
Today I arrived in Gleann Cholm Cille for the Summer School in Irish language and Culture at Oideas Gael, so am now switching to Irish mode. During the week I’m here blog posts, up-dates on Omniglot and replies to emails might become somewhat sporadic.
Les mots de la semaine
– faire une entrée (remarquée) = to make a (big) entrance = gwneud mynedfa (fawr)
– à feuilles persistantes = evergreen = bythwyrdd
– le moineau = sparrow = aderyn y to
– la mouette = seagull = gwylan
– la mésange bleue = blue tit = titw tomas las
– avoir un mouvement de recul / reculer = to cringe = ymgreinio
– ça me donne envie de rentrer sous terre = it makes me cringe (with embarrassment)
– ça me hérisse = it makes me cringe (with disgust)
– les cacahuètes = peanuts = cnau daear
– les petits oignons au vinaigre = pickled onions = nionod/winwns wedi’u piclo
– les oeufs marinés = pickled eggs = wyau wedi’u piclo
Le trac
An interesting French word I discovered the other day is trac /tʁak/, which means nerves, stage fright or performance anxiety. Some expressions incoporating this word include:
– avoir le trac = to feel nervous; to get an attack of nerves; to have stage fright
– j’ai le trac = I’m nervous; I have butterflies in my stomach*; I have the jitters
– tout à trac = out of the blue
*If people have butterflies in their stomachs when feeling nervous, what do butterflies have?
This word first appeared in writing in 1830 and it’s origins are uncertain. It perhaps comes from the word tracas (anxiety).
Sources: Reverso, Linternaute, CNRTL.
What expressions do you use to describe being nervous or anxious?
Do you suffer from stage-fright / performance anxiety?
I used to be get very nervous when I had to speak or sing in front of others, but now only get nervous before and afterwards – while I’m speaking, singing or playing an instrument I feel calm and enjoy it.
Les mots de la semaine
– la scène = stage (in theatre) = llwyfan
– le trac = stage fright = ofn llwyfan
– l’indication scénique = stage direction = cyfarwyddyd llwyfan
– l’entrée des artistes = stage door = drws actorion
– régisseur (-euse) = stage manager = goruchwyliwr llwyfan
– le nom de scène = stage name = enw llwyfan
– patient(e) / malade = patient = claf
– patient hospitalisé = in-patient = claf mewnol/preswyl
– malade en consultation externe = out-patient = claf allanol
– le fichier joint = attachment (email) = ymgysylltiad
– l’aveugle = blind (person) = (person) dall
– les aveugles = the blind = y deillion
– le drainage, l’assèchement (m) = drainage = draeniad
– le piéton = pedestrian = cerddwr, pedestriad
– le passage pour piétons = pedestrian crossing = croesfan gerddwyr
Les mots de la semaine
Chaque semaine je publie les mots que nous avons discutés dans le Groupe de Conversation Français sur Facebook. J’ai décidé de les publier ici aussi, et donc voilà les mots de cette semaine, et aussi les mots des semaines précédentes.
Every week I publish words that we have discussed in the French Conversation Group on Facebook. I’ve decided to publish here as well, so here are this week’s words, and words from previous weeks.
Pob wythnos dw i’n cyhoeddi geiriau’r wythnos ydan ni ‘di sôn amdanyt yn y Grŵp Sgwrsio ar Facebook. Dw i ‘di penderfynu cyhoeddi nhw yma hefyd, ac felly dyma geiriau’r wythnos hon, a hefyd geiriau’r wythnosau flaenorol.
22/06/12
Les mots de la semaine
– le ragoût = hotpot / casserole = hotbot / caserol
– la cocotte / le poêlon = casserole (dish) = caserol
– le bouton = (light / appliance) switch = switsh / botwm
– l’interrupteur / le marche-arrêt = cut-off switch / light switch / on-off switch
– allumer = to switch on (light, TV, kettle) = cynnau
– mettre en marche = to switch on (engine, machine) = cychwyn
– éteindre = to switch off (light, TV, radio) = diffodd
– arrêter = to switch off (engine) = diffodd
– monsieur / gentleman = gentleman = bonheddwr / gŵr bonheddig
– gentilhomme campagnard = country gentleman
– homme cultivé et raffiné = fine gentleman
– dame de bonne famille = gentlewoman = boneddiges
– le stylo (à) plume = fountain pen = ysgrifbin
– peu commun / rare / inhabituel = unusual = anarferol / anghyffredin
05/06/12
Les mots de la semaine
– la procession de carnaval = (carnival) parade/procession = gorymdaith / parêd
– le défilé = (military) parade = parêd (milwrol)
– sans logis / sans abri = homeless = digartref
– un sans-abri = a homeless person = person digartref
– un haut-parleur = loud speaker = uchelseinydd / darseinydd
– le tambour = drum = tabwrdd
– la batterie = drum kit / drums = offer drymiau
– tambouriner = to drum = drymio / tabyrddu
– le tambourin = tambourine = tambwrîn
– le (joueur de) tambour = drummer = drymiwr / drwmwr
– batteur (-euse) = drummer (in rock/jazz band)
– la baguette de tambour = drum stick = ffon drymio
– la contrebasse = double bass = bas dwbl
– la citerne = water butt = casgen dŵr
– faire un saut (au magasin) = to nip to (the shop)
08/06/12
Les mots de la semaine
– la boue = mud = llaca / llaid / mwd
– le garde-boue = mud guard = gard olwyn
– la station-service = petrol station = gorsaf betrol
– l’aire de services (f) = service area = ardal gwasanaeth
– le char (d’assaut) / le tank = tank (military) = tanc
– avec maestria = with great panache = efo/gyda steil mawr
– le bleu / la ecchymose / la contusion = bruise = clais
– faire un bleu à / contusionner = to bruise = cleisio
– la meurtrissure / la talure = bruise (on fruit)
– se taler / se meurtrir = to bruise (fruit)
– le pois = spot (on fabric) = sbotyn / smotyn
– la tache = spot (mark) =marc / sbotyn / smotyn
– le droit de passage = right of way = hawl tramwy
– le blaireau = badger = mochyn daear / broch / daearfochyn
– le geai = jay = (y)sgrech y coed
– la pie = magpie = pioden
– la sirène = mermaid = môr-forwyn
01/06/12
Les mots de la semaine
– l’allègement fiscal / les dégrèvements d’impôts = tax relief = cymorth trethi
– le vol = robbery / theft = lladrad / ysbeiliad
– le vol à main armée = armed robbery = lladrad arfog
– le braquage de banque = bank robbery = lladrad banc
– (C’est de) l’arnaque! = (It’s) daylight robbery = (mae hi’n) lladrad golau dydd
– le cambriolage = burglary = byrgleriaeth
– la pieuvre = octopus (when alive)
– le poulpe = octopus (on plate) = octopws / wythdroed
– les fonds marins / fond de la mer = seabed = gwely’r môr
– le drapeau = flag = baner
18/05/12
Les mots de la semaine
– la grande roue = big wheel = olwyn fawr
– la petite maison / le cottage = cottage = bwthyn
– la chaumière / chaumine = thatched cottage = bwthyn tô gwellt
– le gîte / la maison de vacances = holiday cottage = bwthyn gwyliau
– la maison de campagne = weekend cottage = bwythyn y penwythnos
– le gîte et le couvert = board and lodging = bwyd a llety
– le baby-sitter / la garde d’enfants =babysitter = gwarchodwr
– faire du baby-sitting / garder (les enfants) = to babysit = gwarchod
– avoir l’air plutôt ridicule = to have egg on one’s face
– têtu / obstiné = stubborn (person) = cyndyn / ystyfnig
12/05/12
Les mots de la semaine
– être à l’entière disposition de qn / être à la botte de qn = to be at sb’s beck and call = bod ar alwad rhywun,
bod yn was bach i rywun
– tirer à la courte paille = to draw straws = tynnu blewyn cwta
– tirer au sort = to draw lots = tynnu dob/tocyn/cwtws/blewyn cwta
– le sang neuf = new blood (in team, organization) = gwaed newydd
– le nouveau visage = new face = gwyneb newydd
– fauché (comme les blés) = (stony-)broke (penniless) = heb yr un geiniog,
heb yr un ddimai goch y delyn, heb gragen i ymgrafu
– être fauché = to be broke = bod heb yr un geiniog
– faire faillite = to go broke/bankrupt = methdalu
– jouer le grand jeu / jouer le tout pour le tout = to go for broke = mentro’r cyfan/cwbl/pob dimai
– à la lettre = to the letter = i’r llythyren
27/04/12
Les mots de la semaine
– sonner = to ring (bell/phone) = canu (cloch)
– rappeler quelque chose = to ring a bell (fig.) = canu cloch / taro deuddeg
– un animal de compagnie = pet = anifail anwes
– porter un toast = (to raise a) toast = cynnig llwncdestun
– le rôle principal = leading role (in play, film, etc) = prif rôl
– tendre = to stretch, tighten, tense = ymestyn, tynhau
– bémol / trop grave = flat (note) = meddalnod
– dièse / trop haut= sharp (note) = llonnod
– la veillée morturaire = wake = gwlynos
20/04/12
Les mots de la semaine
– un rhume = a cold = annwyd
– une rhinite = rhinitis (blocked/stuffy/runny nose) = trwyn wedi ei flocio / syn rhedeg
– attraper un rhume = to catch a cold = cael annwyd
– le rhume des foins = hayfever = clefyd y gwair
– la faune et flore (sauvages) = wildlife = bwyd gwyllt
– la réserve naturelle = wildlife park = parc bwyd gwyllt
– photographe animalier = wildlife photographer = ffotograffydd bwyd gwyllt
– écrire / orthographier = to spell = sillafu
– épeler = to spell (aloud) = sillafu yn uchel
– l’éclair (f) = flash = fflach
– clignoter = to flash (light) = fflachio
– feu/éclairage (de vélo) avant = front (bicycle) light = golau (beic) blaen
– feu/éclairage (de vélo) arrière = back (bicycle) light = golau (beic) ôl
13/04/12
Les mots de la semaine
– la cachette = hide (for watching animals) = cuddfan
– le balbuzard (pêcheur) = osprey = eryr y môr / gwalch y pysgod
– la buse / le urubu = buzzard = boda
– le faucon = falcon = gwalch
– la colombe = dove = colomen
– le perce-neige = snowdrop = eirlys / cloch maban
– la rumeur = rumour = achlust / si / swae / sôn
– l’arnaque (f) / la escroquerie = scam / swindle = hoced / twyll
– la fraude = fraud = hoced / twyll
– escroquer / arnaquer = to swindle = hocedu / twyllo
– la neige fondue = sludge / slush = llaca / llaid / slwtsh
– la bourrasque = squall = hyrddwynt
– la giboulée = shower = cawod
– les Giboulées de Mars = April Showers = Cawodydd Ebrill
30/03/12
Les mots de la semaine
– la roue de charrette = cartwheel = olwyndroi
– faire la roue = to turn a cartwheel = gwneud olwyn dro
– la scie [si] = saw = llif
– scier [sje] = to saw = llifio
– la sciure [sjyʀ] = sawdust = blawd llif
– la scierie [siʀi] = sawmill =
– la tronçonneuse = chain saw = llif gadwyn
– stocker / accumuler = to stockpile = archebu
– avoir l’effet inverse que prévu = to backfire (plans)
– pétararder = to backfire (car) = tanio’n ôl
– le bidon / le jerrycan = jerrycan
– se dilater = to expand (metal, gas) = ymledu / ehangu
– pétard = firecracker / banger / detonator = banger / taniadur
– pris à son propre piège = hoist with one’s own petard
– s’entendre bien avec qqn = to get on well with sb = cyd-dynnu â/efo/gyda rhywun
23/03/12
Les mots de la semaine
– livreur (m) = delivery man = trosglwyddwr
– respirer / aspirer = to breathe (in), inhale = anadlu
– expirer = to breathe out = anadlu allan
– s’échauffer = to warm up = ymgynhesu
– deltaplane (m) / aile volante (f) = hang-glider = barcut (m)
– en pleine cambrousse = out in the sticks
– bâton (m), bout de bois (m) = stick = ffon (f) pric (m)
– petit bois (m) = kindling
– l’autobus à impériale = double-decker bus
16/03/12
Les mots de la semaine
– l’enregistrement (m) = check-in (desk)
– faire enregistrer les bagages = to check-in luggage =
– tapis (m) roulant à bagages / carrousel (m) à bagages = luggage/baggage carousel
– bagagiste = baggage handler = trafodwr bagiau
– faire une/de la randonnée = to ramble / go rambling = mynd am dro
– badge (m) = badge = bathodyn (m)
– crampe (f) = cramp = cramp (m), cwlwm gwythi (m), gwrwst (f)
– priver qn de ses moyens = to cramp sb’s style
17/02/12
Les mots de la semaine
– vingoble (m) – vineyard – gwinllan (f)
– vendage (f) – grape harvest/crop, grapes = cynhaeaf grawnin
– grenier (m) – attic, barn = llofft (m), ysgubor (f)
– maréchal-ferrant (m) = farrier = ffarier (m)
– forgeron (m) = blacksmith = gof (m)
– repasser = to iron = smwddio
– fer (m) à repasser = iron = haearn smwddio (m)
– commérages, cancans = gossip = clec(s), clonc(iau)
– nounours (m), ours en peluche = teddy bear = tedi
– peluche (f) = fluff, plush, stuffed/soft toy = fflwff, plwsh, tegan meddal
– railler = to make fun of sb, taunt, scoff, jeer = gwawdio
– vedette (f) = (film) star, speedboat = seren, cwch gwib
– chaise droite (f) = upright/dining chair = cadair gefnsyth (?)
– détroit (m) = strait = culfor (m)
– capuche (f), capuchon (m) = hood = cwfl (m)
– exécuter, jouer = to perform (music) = perfformio, chwarae
– boulette (f) (de pâte) = dumpling = twplen (f), poten (f)
– Bavière (f) = Bavaria = Bafaria
– bavarois = Bavarian = Bafarieg
10/02/12
Les mots de la semaine
– carte de bus = bus pass = trwydded bws
– tenir un journal = to keep a diary = cadw dyddiadur
– ongle (m) = finger nail = ewin (m/f)
– ongle de pied = toe nail = ewin troed
– orteil (m) = toe = bys troed
– retenir sa respiration = to hold one’s breath = dal dy anadl
– ça n’arrivera peut-être pas de sitôt ! = don’t hold your breath! = paid â dal dy anadl!
– surgelé = frozen = rhewedig / wedi ei rewi
– Les Amis de la Terre = Friends of the Earth = Cyfeillion y Ddaear
– prétendre = to claim (assert) = hawlio
– démodé = old fashioned (things) = hen ffasiwn
– vieux jeu = old fashioned (people) = hen ffasiwn
03/02/12
Les mots de la semaine:
– égout (m) = sewer = carthffos (f)
– (les) canalisation(s) (f) = (the) drain(s) = draen(iau) (m)
– écouler = to drain = draenio
– epicure (m) = gourmet = beirniad bwyd (m)
– gourmand (m) = gourmand = gloddestwr, bolgi
– gourmand (adj) = greedy = barus, trachwantus
– kippa (f), yarmoulka = kippah, yarmulke = cap corun (m)
– baragouin (m), charabia (m) = gibberish, gabble, double Dutch, gobbledygook = baldordd, cleber, lol
– baragouiner = to gibber / jabber / gabble = baldorddi, clebran
– dire du charabia, parler de façon incompréhensible = to talk gibberish
20/01/12
Les mots de la semaine:
– émission (f) = (TV/radio) programme = rhaglen (f)
– draguer = to be on the pull, to try and pick up (sb)
– traquer = to stalk (sb), pursue, hound, track down = dilyn, ymlid, mynd ar drywydd
– harceleur, admirateur = stalker = dilynwr
– acouphène (m) = tinnitus = tinitws
– éternuement (m) = sneeze = tisiad (m)
– éternuer / faire un éternuement = to sneeze = tisian
– valeur (f) à la revente = street value = preis ar y stryd (?)
– canot/bateau de sauvetage (m) = lifeboat = bad achub (m)
– détrempé = soggy (ground) = corslyd, soeglyd
– trempé = soggy (clothes)
– mou (molle) = soggy (sandwiches, bread, cornflakes)
02/12/11
Les mots de la semaine
– forgeron (m) = blacksmith = gof
– maréchal ferrant (m) = blacksmith, farrier = ffarier
– forge (f) = smithy = gefail
– marteau (m) = hammer = morthwyl = malleus
– enclume (f) = anvil = eingion / einion = incus
– étrier (m) = stirrup = gwarthol (f) = stapes
– hériter (de) = to inherit = etifeddu
– héritage (m) = inheritance (money, property, cultural) = etifeddiaeth (f), gwaddol (m)
– patrimoine (m) = inheritance (genetic) = etifeddiad (m)
– faire une promenade (de cheval), monter (à cheval), faire du cheval = to ride (a horse) = marchogaeth, reidio
– aller (à cheval / à bicyclette / à moto / en autobus / en voiture) = to ride (a horse, a bicycle, a motorbike, a bus a car)
14/11/12
Les mots de la semaine
– enlever / kidnapper – to kidnap – herwgipio
– l’enlèvement – kidnapping, removal, abducting – herwgydio
– tentative d’enlèvement – kidnap attempt – ymgais herwgipio
– kidnappeur/euse, voleur d’enfants, ravisseur/euse – kidnapper – herwgipiwr
Plus de détails sont à découvrir à: http://www.omniglot.com/blog/?p=6081
07/11/12
Les mots de la semaine
– groseille à maquereau / groseille verte – gooseberry, eirinen Fair / gwsberen
– groseille – (red)currant, cyrensen
– maquereau – mackerel, macrell
groseille (ribes rubrum) is part of the gooseberry family (grossulariaceae), as is the blackcurrant / cyrensen ddu (ribes nigrum) or cassis / groseille noir.
30/10/11
Le mot de la semaine
– comptine /kɔ̃tin/= nursery rhyme; counting rhyme or song = hwiangerdd; rhigwm neu gân rifo
Des comptines et chansons pour enfants: http://comptine.free.fr/
23/10/11
Les mots de la semaine:
– ménager la chèvre et le choux = to sit on the fence, to face both ways, to keep everyone happy, have a foot in both camps, to play both ends against the middle. (lit. “to keep the goat and the cabbage”). = peidio ag ochri, eistedd ar y clawdd (“cadw’r afr a’r fresychen / gabetsien”).
– ménager (vb) = to handle carefully, to treat considerately, to take care not to hurt sb’s pride, to take care of, to look after or to arrange. = trin yn ofalus / yn ystyriol, poeni am ddim brifo teimladau rhywun, gofalu am (rhywun/rhywbeth), trefnu.
– ménager (adj) = household, domestic, housework, housewife or canteen = catref
Gendarmes et policiers
Yesterday there was some discussion of the police at the French Conversation Group – one of the members is a former policeman. We use the word policier, but later I remembered that another French word for policeman is gendarme, and it suddenly dawned on me that gendarme probably comes from gens d’armes (armed man). I checked this today and it’s right. It’s not something I’ve really thought about before, but when I did think about it, it seemed so obvious. Do you find that with words sometimes?
According to Reverso, French country police officers are called les gendarmes, but those in towns are called les agents de police or les policiers. A community police officer is un îlotier and a traffic police officer is un agent de la circulation.
According to the OED and the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word police comes from the Middle French police (public order, administration, government), from the Latin polītīa (citizenship, political organization, government), which is also the root of policy, politics, politican, etc. and comes from the Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeia – citizenship, government, administration) from πολίτης (polites – citizen) from πολίς (polis – city, state), from the Proto-Indo-European *p(o)lH- (enclosed space, often on high ground).
Baguette de tambour
Yesterday I discovered that in French a drumstick is a baguette de tambour, which conjured up images of French drummers playing their drums with long loaves of bread.
The word baguette comes from the Italian word bacchetta (little rod), a diminutive of bacchio (rod), from the Latin baculum (stick, staff). As well as meaning a type of French bread, it can also refer to “a small moulding of semicircular section” and “a gem, ususually a diamond, cut in a long rectangular shape” [Source: OED].
The French word tambour, which is also found in English and means a frame used in embroidery or a drum, comes from the Persian word tabῑr or from the Arabic word ṭubūl, which both mean ‘drum’. The word tambourine comes from the same root, as does timbre [source].
Some more drum-related French vocabulary:
– le tambour = drum
– la batterie = drum kit / drums
– Je joue de la batterie = I play the drums
– tambouriner = to drum
– pianoter / tambouriner sur la table = to drum one’s fingers on the table
– le tambourin = tambourine
– le (joueur de) tambour = drummer
– batteur (-euse) = drummer (in rock/jazz band)
– le roulement de tambour = drum roll
– la caisse claire = side/snare drum
– la grosse caisse = bass drum
– la boîte à rythme = drum machine
– le tambour de frein = brake drum
– le bidon de pétrole = oil drum
Source: Reverso
Parades
Last weekend I saw a couple of parades – a small and rather damp one in Bangor on Saturday that was part of the Bangor Carnival – and a rather bigger and more elaborate one on Sunday in Manchester that was part of the Manchester Day celebrations. This got me wondering about the origins of the word parade.
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary parade meant “a show of bravado” and “an assembly of troops for inspections” in the 1650s, and comes from the French word parade (a display, show, military parade). This comes either via Middle French, via the Italian parate (a warding or defending, a garish setting forth) or the Spanish parada (a staying or stopping), from the Vulgar Latin *parata, from the Latin parer (arrange, prepare, adorn). Parade came to be applied to non-military processions in the 1670s.
Parer comes from the Latin parare (to make ready), via the Old French parer (to arrange, prepare, trim), from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (to bring forward/forth).