To Sleep

Today we’re looking at the words for sleep and related things in Celtic languages.

Curled up sleeping cat

Proto-Celtic *sounos [ˈsow.nos] = sleep
Gaulish *sounos = sleep
*Kissōnyos = Gaulish god associated with Mercury
Old Irish (Goídelc) súan [suːa̯n] = slumber, sleep
súanaid = to sleep
Irish (Gaeilge) suan [sˠuən̪ˠ] = sleep, slumber
sunach = lethargic, sluggish, apathetic, dormant
sunacht = dormancy
suanaí = sleeper, lethargic, sluggish, apathetic person
suanaíocht = dozing, torport, lethargy
suanán = doze, nap
suanchógas, suanlaíoch = soporific
suanlios = dormitory
suanmhar = sleepy, drowsy, somnolent
suansiúl = sleep-walking, somnambulism
suansiúlaí = sleep-walker, somnambulist
suantraí = lullaby
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) suain [suən̪ʲ] = deep/sound sleep, slumber
suain-lann = dormitory
suaineach = drowsy, sleepy
suainealeach = hypnotic
suainealas = hypnosis, hypnotism
suainealachadh = hypnotising, hypnotism
Manx (Gaelg) saveen = doze, nap, slumber
saveeney = to doze
saveeney, saveenaghey = slumber
saveen-hooyl = somnambulism
saveen-hooyleyder = somnambulist
Proto-Brythonic *hʉn [hʉn] = sleep
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hun = sleep
hunav, hunaw, hunaf = to sleep
Welsh (Cymraeg) hun [hɨːn/hiːn] = sleep, slumber, nap, drowsiness, rest, death
hunaint = lethargy, sleeping-sickness, coma, apathy, torpor
huniad = a sleeping, sleep
huno = to sleep, slumber, nap, fall asleep, die, fall into a state of apathy, indifference or unconcern
hunog, hunol = slumbering, sleepy, drowsy, sleeper, drowsy person
hun-gân = lullaby
Old Cornish hun = sleep
Middle Cornish hun = sleep
Cornish (Kernewek) hun = sleep
hungan = lullaby
Middle Breton hun = sleep
Breton (Brezhoneg) hun = sleep, nap
hunva = dormitory
hunvaleer = somnambulist, sleep walker
hunvre = dream
hunwezher = sleeping pill
hun don = deep sleep

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *supnós (sleep, death), from *swep- (to sleep) [source].

From the same PIE root we get the Latin word cancer (crab, tumor, cancer, lattice, grid), and related words in other languages, such as cancer, canker and incarcerate in English, cangrejo (crab) and cáncer (cancer) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *toleyo- = sleep
Old Irish (Goídelc) cotlud = sleeping, sleep
Irish (Gaeilge) codail [ˈkɔd̪ˠɪlʲ / ˈkʌd̪ˠɪlʲ] = to sleep
codlatach = sleepy, drowsy, dormant
codlatacht = sleepiness, drowsiness
codlatán = sleeper, sleepy-head, hibernating creature
codlatóir = sleeper
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caidil [kadʲɪl] = to sleep, slumber, repose, delay
cadal = sleeping, slumbering, sleep, slumber
codaltach = dozy, drowsy, sleepy, soporific
Manx (Gaelg) caddil [ˈkaːðəl] = to sleep
cadley = sleep, sleepiness, asleep, dormant, unawakened

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)tel- (to be still) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Teaglann.ie

Proto-Celtic *kuɸsketi, *kuf-sko- = to sleep
Proto-Brythonic *kuskɨd = to sleep
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kesku, kyscwyt = to sleep
cwsg, cwsc = sleep
Welsh (Cymraeg) cysgu [ˈkəsɡɨ̞ / ˈkəsɡi] = to sleep, slumber, fall asleep; to fall into the sleep of death, to die; to be or become numb, to be torpid; to fall into a state of apathy, indifference or unconcern
cwsg = sleep, slumber, rest, dormancy, numbness, insensitiveness
cysgadur = sleeper, lazy and drowsy person, sleepy-head, hibernating animal
Cornish (Kernewek) koska [‘kɔska / ‘kʊskɐ] = to sleep
kosk = sleep
yn kosk = asleep
sagh-koska = sleeping bag
Breton (Brezhoneg) kousket = to sleep
kousked = sleep
kouskerez = sleeping
sac’h-kousket = sleeping bag, duvet

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (to bend, turn) [source]. The English word hip comes from the same PIE root, as does the Albanian word sup (shoulder) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Poets, Seers & Bards

Words for poets, seers & bards in Celtic languages.

The Cheif Bard of The Fens

Proto-Celtic *weless = seer, poet
Gaulish uelets = seer, poet
Primitive Irish ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas) = seer, poet
Old Irish (Goídelc) fili [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet, seer
Irish (Gaeilge) file = poet; satirist, scold
filíocht = poetry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) filidh [filɪ] = poet, bard, minstrel, warbler, songster, philosopher, orator
filidheachd [filɪjəxg] = poetry of a filidh; versification
Manx (Gaelg) feelee = poet
feeleeaght = poetry

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *weleti (to see), from the Proto-Indo-European *wel- (to see) [source].

Proto-Celtic *wātis = soothsayer, prophet
Gaulish οὐάτεις (uatis) = seer
Old Irish (Goídelc) fáíth [faːθʲ] = seer, soothsayer, prophet
fáíthsine = prophecy, augury
Irish (Gaeilge) fáigh = seer, prophet, wise man, sage
fáighbhean = prophetess, wise woman
fáidheadóir = prophet, predictor, soothsayer; profound, sage
fáidheadóireacht = prophecy, prediction; wise, sagacious, speech
fáidhiúil = prophetic, wise, sagacious
fáidhiúilacht = prophetic quality, sagaciousness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fàidh [faːj] = prophet, seer; soothsayer
fàidheadair [faːjədɛrʲ] = prophet
fàisneachd = prophecy, prediction, foretelling
fàidheadaireachd = prophesying, prophecy, prediction, divination
Manx (Gaelg) fadeyr = prophet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guant, gwaud, gwawt = song of praise
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwawd = song of praise, panegyric, eulogy, praise, exaltation; mockery, derision, ridicule, lampoon, scorn, satire
gwawdaidd = scornful, jeering, satirical
gwawdair = poem, eulogy, praise, commendation
gwawdawr = poet
gwawdio = to mock deride
gwawdlun = caricature
gwawdlyd = mocking, scornful

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (excited, inspired, possessed, excited) [source].

Proto-Celtic *bardos = poet, bard
Old Irish (Goídelc) bard [bar͈d] = bard, poet
Irish (Gaeilge) bard [bˠɑːɾˠd̪ˠ / bˠæːɾˠd̪ˠ] = poet, bard, scold
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bàrd [baːr̪ˠd] = poet, versifier (traditionally ranked below the seven grades of filidh), bard, rhymer
Manx (Gaelg) bard = poet, bard
Proto-Brythonic *barð [ˈbarð] = poet, bard
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bart, bard, bardd = poet, bard
Welsh (Cymraeg) bardd [barð] = poet, bard, literary person, author, prophet, philosopher, priest
Old Cornish barth = poet, bard
Cornish (Kernewek) bardh [barð / bærð] = (male) bard, poet
Middle Breton barz = bard, poet
Breton (Brezhoneg) barzh = bard, poet

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (to approve, praise) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

To See & To Be

Today we’re looking at the verbs to be and to see, and related words, in Celtic languages. This verb is one of the few irregular verbs in the Celtic languages. Different parts of the conjugated forms come from different roots.

bee

Proto-Celtic *buyeti = to be, become
Gaulish biiete = to be
Old Irish (Goídelc) [bʲiː] = to be
Irish (Gaeilge) [bʲiː] = to be, exist (conjugation)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bi [bi] = to be, exist (conjugation)
Manx (Gaelg) bee [biː] = to be
Proto-Brythonic *bujɨd = to be, become
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bot = to be
Welsh (Cymraeg) bod [boːd] = to be (conjugation)
bodaeth = existence, the state of being, ontology; a being, living creature
bodiad = (the state of) being, existence
bodiadol = being, existing, present (tense)
Cornish (Kernewek) bos [ˈbɔːz] = to be, become, exist (conjugation)
Old Breton bout/bud/but = to be
Breton (Brezhoneg) bezañ [ˈbe.zɑ̃] = to be (conjugation)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (to become, grow, appear) [source], which is also the root of such English words as wise, wit, view, vision, video, guide, druid and history [source].

Proto-Celtic *tāti = to be (stative)
Old Irish (Goídelc) at·tá [atˈtaː] = to be, have
Irish (Gaeilge) [t̪ˠæː] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bí (to be) in the affirmative form)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tha [ha] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bi (to be) in the affirmative form)
Manx (Gaelg) ta [ta] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bee (to be) in the affirmative form)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tau = to be
Welsh (Cymraeg) taw [taːu̯ / tau̯] = that, being, existing, present (tense)
Middle Cornish otte/atta [ˈbɔːz] = that (?)
Old Breton to = that (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-(t) (to stand (up)) [source].

Proto-Celtic *weleti = to see
*wele = see (imperative)
*weless = seer, poet
Primitive Irish ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas) = poet
Old Irish (Goídelc) fil [fʲilʲ] = am/is/are (present progressive conjunct of at·tá)
fili [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet, seer
filidecht / filedacht [ˈfʲilʲəð(ʲ)əxt] = poetry, divination
Irish (Gaeilge) bhfuil [vˠɪlʲ / wɪlʲ] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bí)
níl [n̠ʲiːlʲ] = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bí) – from ní fhuil
file = poet, satirist, scold
filíocht = poetry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bheil [vel] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bi)
chan eil [xan̪ʲ el] = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bi)
filidh [filɪ] = poet, bard, minstrel
filidheachd [filɪjəxg] = poetry, versification, rhyming
Manx (Gaelg) vel [vel] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bee)
cha nel = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bee)
feelee [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet
feeleeaght = poetry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwelet / guelud = to see
Welsh (Cymraeg) gweld [ɡwɛld] = to see, behold, perceive with the eyes, grasp intellectually, understand, visualize, imagine, view, inspect, interview, visit, inquire (conjugation)
gweledydd = seer, prophet, beholder
gweledig = in sight, visible, perceptible, seen, perceived
anweledig = invisible
Cornish (Kernewek) gweles [‘gwɛlɛs / ‘gwɛlɐz] = to see (conjugation)
gweladow = visible
anweladow = invisible
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwelet = to hear, keep an eye on, watch (conjugation)
gwelapi = visible
disgwel / diwel = invisible
rakwelet = to foresee, predict, preview

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wel- (to see). This verb came to mean “there is” in Old Irish and its descendents, but continued to mean to see in the Brythonic languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *ad-kʷis-o- = to see
Old Irish (Goídelc) aicci = sees
Irish (Gaeilge) feic [fʲɛc] = to see
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) faic [fɛçgʲ] = to see, look, behold, observe
Manx (Gaelg) faik = to see

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (to observe), or from *kʷes- (see) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Talkative

Words for talkative, to speak, to sing and related things in Celtic languages.

"Hello, friend!"

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros = talkative
*amɸlabros = dumb, mute
Old Irish (Goídelc) labar = talkative, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
amlabar = dumb, mute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) labar = talkative, arrogant, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
labarthach = talkative, noisy
labra = gift of speech, talkativeness, utterance, sound, speaking
labraithir = to speak, talk, utter, say
amlabar = dumb, mute
Irish (Gaeilge) labhair = to speak, hail
labhairt = speaking, speech, utterance, voice, call
labharthacch = talkative, vociferous, noisy
labharthacht = talkativeness
labhra = speech, utterance
amhlabhra = inarticulateness, bad delivery
amhlabhrach = crude of speech, inarticulate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) labhair [l̪ˠau.ɪrʲ] = to speak, say, talk, speak!, utter!
labhar = speaking loudly, loquacious, boastful
labhairt = speaking, uttering, utterance
labhairteach = loquacious, oral
labhairte = said, spoken
amhlabhair = mute, dumb, speechless (obsolete)
co-labhairt = conference, symposium
neach-labhairt = speaker, spokesperson
ro-labhairt = prologue
Manx (Gaelg) loayr = to speak, extemporise
loayreyder = mouthpiece, speaker, talker
loayrt = to speak, talk, utter, express
loayrit = oral, spoken
amloayrtagh = dumb, mute
Proto-Brythonic *laβar [laβaːr] = prone to talking, eloquent
*aβ̃laβar = dumb, mute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llawar, llavar, llauar = loud, clear, vociferous
lleueir, llauarei, llafaraf = to speak, say, tell
aflauar = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Welsh (Cymraeg) llafar [ˈɬa(ː)var] = loud, clear, vociferous, resounding, resonant, sonorous; pertaining to the voice, vocal (of music, in contrast with instrumental); talkative, loquacious; spoken (language), oral, verbal
llafarder = talkativeness, loquaciousness
llafaredig = spoken, uttered, oral, verbal, articulate
llafareiddio = to make more colloquial, speak naturally
llafariad = vowel
llefaru = to speak, say, tell, declare
lleferydd = speech, voice, expression, uttereance, pronunciation
aflafar [avˈlavar] = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Old Cornish lauar = talkative
aflauar = dumb, mute
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lavar = utterance, speech, voice, a saying, word, proverb
lavary = to speak, say, tell, pronounce, declare
avlavar, afavar = speechless, dumb, mute
Cornish (Kernewek) lavar = expression, idiom, utterance, sentence
lavaren = phrase
amlavar = dumb, mute
leverel, lawl = to pronounce, say, tell
leveryans = pronunciation
avlavar = dumb
Old Breton labar = talkative
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lauaret = to say, promise
Breton (Brezhoneg) lavar [ˈlɑːvar] = to say, word, language
lavaradenn – to tell
lavarenn [laˈvɑːrɛn] = proposal
lavaret = to say, promise
lavariant = communicative
lavariantiz = communication
amlavar = dumb, mute

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble), which is also the root of words such as barbarian in English, pleurer (to cry) in French, and llorar (to cry, weep) in Spanish [Wiktionary].

Old Irish (Goídelc) asbeir [asˈbʲerʲ] = to say, utter, mention, speak
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) atbeir = to say, speak
Irish (Gaeilge) abair [ˈabˠəɾʲ] = to say, utter, speak, express, state, allege, give opinion, suppose, assume, mean, direct, report
abairt sentence, phrase
abartha given to repartee
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abair [abɪrʲ] = to say, speak, utter, tell
abairt [abər̪ˠʃdʲ] expression, phrase, collocation, saying, comment
abartach [abər̪ˠʃdəx] talkative, bold. impudent
Manx (Gaelg) abbyr = to say, state, assume
abbyrt = sentence, dialect, phrase, expression, period

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ess (ex-, out) and *beirid (to carry, bring, bear, give) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kaneti = to sing
*kantlom = singing
*toɸareuɸokaneti = to prophesize
Old Irish (Goídelc) canaid = to chant, praise, recite, sing, speak
cainnt [kan͈ʲtʲ] = speech, talk, conversation; act of speaking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) canaid = to sing, recite, chant
canamain = singing, chanting
cantain = singing, reciting, chanting, uttering
cainnt = speach, talk, conversation, act of speaking
cainntech = talkative, loquacious
Irish (Gaeilge) can [kan̪ˠ/kanˠ] = to chant, sing, speak, talk, call, name
canadh [kan̪ˠə/ˈkanˠuː] = singing, chanting
cantaire = chanter, chorister
caint [kan̠ʲtʲ / kəin̠ʲtʲ] = speech, talking
cainteach = talkative, chatty
cainteoir = speaker, talker
caintigh = to speak, address, accost
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) can [kan] = (to) say
cainnt [kãĩn̠ʲdʲ] = to speak, talk, commune
cainnteach [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəx] = loquacious, talkative
cainnteanas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲənəs] = speech
cainntear [kãĩn̠ʲdʲər] = orator, speaker
cainntearachd [kãĩn̠ʲdʲərəxg] = eloquence, rhetorical expression
cainnteas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəs] = attractive speech
cànan [kaːnan] = language
cànanachas = linguistics
cànanaiche = linguist
Manx (Gaelg) caaynt = spoken language, spoken word, talk
caayntagh = loquacious
Proto-Brythonic *kėnɨd [ke̝ˈnɨːd] = to sing
Old Welsh canam = to sing
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kan, cân = song
kanu, canu = to sing
kantor, kantoryeit = singer, songster, vocalist, musician, cantor
kanwr, kantoryeit = singer, vocalist
ynganv = to speak, talk, say
Welsh (Cymraeg) cân [kaːn] = song
canaf, canu [ˈkanɨ̞/ˈka(ː)ni] to sing; to intone, chant, to state, say, to produce musical sounds, to play (the harp, piano, etc), to compose poetry, to celebrate in song
cantor, cantores = singer, vocalist, musician, cantor
canwr = singer, vocalist
ynganu = to speak, talk, say, tell, declare, express, pronounce
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) can = song
canas = song
cane, cana = to sing (a song), to sing as birds, to crow
canor, canores = singer
Cornish (Kernewek) kan = poem, song
kana [‘kana / ‘kɒnɐ] = to sing
kaner, kanores = singer
kanik = ditty, jingle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) can = song
canaff = to sing
caner = singer
Breton (Brezhoneg) kan [ˈkãːn] = song
kanadeg = concert, cantata
kanañ [ˈkãː.nã] = to sing
kanaouenn [kã.ˈnɔ.wːɛn] = song
kaner [ˈkãː.nɛr] = singer

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (to sing) [source]. The English words accent, cant, chant, charm, enchant, hen and incantation come from the same root, as does the Breton word kentel (lesson, moral), the French word chanter (to sing), and the Spanish word cantar (to sing) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Welsh (Cymraeg) comio = to talk converse
ymgom = (subject of) chat or conversation
ymgomiad = chat, conversatoin, talk, dispute, debate
ymgomio, ymgoniaf = to chat, converse, mention, discuss, dispute, debate
ymgomiol = chatty, conversational, colloquial
ymgomiwr = conversationalist, talker, speaker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cews, cowms, cows = speech, discourse, talk
cewsel, cowsa = to speak, say, tell, relate
cows = to speak, say, tell
cowses = a speech, discourse
Cornish (Kernewek) kows [kɔʊz] = to speak, talk
kewsel [ˈkɛʊzɛl] = to speak, talk
Middle Breton comps = speech, to say, tell, pronounce
Breton (Brezhoneg) komz [ˈkɔ̃ms] = to speak, talk, express oneself
komzapl = expressible
komzer = speaker
komzerzh = expression
komzidigezh = speech
komzus = expressive

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *wepos (speech, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (to speak), which is also the root of epic, vocal, voice and vowel in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Old Irish (Goídelc) comrád = conversation, dialogue, talking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) comrád. comrad = conversing, talking, dialogue, speech, utterance, saying
comráidid = to converse
comráitech = chatty, talkative
Irish (Gaeilge) comhrá [ˈkoːɾˠɑː/ˈkõːɾˠɑ̃] = conversation
comhráiteach = conversationalist, conversational
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còmhradh [kɔ̃ːrəɣ] = conversing, conversatoin, dialogue, discussion, negotiation
Manx (Gaelg) cowag = babble, chat

Etymology: from Old Irish com- (mutual, joint, co-) and rád (speech, talk, conversation), from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *rādīti, from *rādī (to talk) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Alive & Living

Words for alive & living in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *biwos = alive, living, mortal
Old Irish (Goídelc) béo [bʲeːu̯] = alive, living
Irish (Gaeilge) beo [bʲoː / bʲɔː] = living, alive; live, active; living being; life; livelihood; quick; to live
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beò [bjɔː] = alive, live, living; lively; vivid; vital; quick, lively, sprightly
Manx (Gaelg) bio [bʲoː] = alive, live, lifelike, bright, hot, activated, pictorial, afloat, live person, spring tide after neap
Proto-Brythonic *bɨw = alive, living
Welsh (Cymraeg) byw [bɨu̯ / bɪu̯] = alive, living, having life, animate, quick, existing, actual; lively, full of life, vivacious, vigorous, sprightly, spirited, eager, sparkling; vivid, graphic; susceptible to
byw (verb) = to live, lead one’s life, subsist, exist; dwell, inhabit, to animate, revive
Cornish (Kernewek) bew [beˑʊ] = active, agile, alive, lively, living,
switched on
bewa = to live, be alive
Breton (Brezhoneg) bev = alive, living, lively
bevañ = to live, feed

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (alive, living) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) forig, fuirset = to remain, stay
Irish (Gaeilge) fuirigh = to hold back, delay, wait, stay
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fuirich [fuɾʲɪç] = to stay, wait, delay, linger, abide
Manx (Gaelg) fariagh [bʲoː] = to stay
Old Irish (Goídelc) cómnuigim = I rest
congaib [konˈɡavʲ] = to contain, preserve, keep, uphold
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cómnuigim = I rest
congaib [konˈɡavʲ] = to contain, preserve, keep, uphold
Irish (Gaeilge) cónaigh [ˈkoːn̪ˠɪɟ / ˈkoːnˠə / ˈkɔːnˠi] = living, alive; live, active; living being; life; livelihood; quick; to live
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cumail [kumal] = (act of) keeping, holding, retaining; witholding; celebrating, observing
còmhnaidh [kɔ̃ːnɪ] = (act of) occupying, inhabiting, dwelling, residing; occupancy, occupation, habitation, residence; (act of) abiding; abode
Manx (Gaelg) cummal = to grip, hold, keep, arrest, contain, retain, live, inhabit

Etymology: from the Old Irish com- (with) and gaibid (to hold, grasp, take, seize, capture) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) maraid [ˈma.rəðʲ] = to last, persist, remain; to survive, live
Irish (Gaeilge) mair = to live, to last
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mair [marʲ] = to live, to exist, to continue

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *merh₂- (to seize, grip) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) trigio = to live (in), dwell, reside, lodge, stay, remain, delay, linger
godrig(af) = to stay, tarry, remain, abide, dwell, sojourn; stay or tarry for; rest upon, insist; linger, delay.
Middle Cornish trege, trega, tryga, tryge = to remain, stay, dwell
Cornish (Kernewek) triga = to remain, stay, dwell
Old Breton guotric = to stay

Etymology: from Latin trīcō (to delay) [source].

The word for to live in Breton, chom, comes from the Old French chômer (to be idle, to be out of work), from the Late Latin caumāre, from caumō (I rest during the heat), from the Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma – heat). [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Life

Words for life and related things in Celtic languages

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *biwotūts = life
Old Irish (Goídelc) betha = life, lifetime, existence, sustenance
bethamnas = life, livelihood
ar·beir = to live
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) betha = life, to be alive; living, livelihood; food sustenance, property, estate
bethadach = animal, creature
bethaigid = to quicken, animate, feed, nourish, support
bethamain = nourishment
uisce beatha(d), uisge beatha = whiskey
Irish (Gaeilge) beatha [ˈbʲahə] = life, to be alive; living, livelihood; food sustenance, property, estate
beathachruth = life form
beathaigh = to feed, nourish, rear
beathaithe = fat, well-fed
beathú = feeding, nourishment, living, culture
beathúil = nourishing
uisce-beatha = whiskey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beatha [bɛhə] = life, existence; victuals, food; livelihood; welcome, salutation
beathach [bɛhəx] = animal, beast, head of cattle, brute
beathachadh [bɛhəxəɣ] = living, feeding, nourishing
beathachail [bɛhəxal] = nutritious, nutritional
beathachair [bɛhəxɛrʲ] = animator
beathadach [bɛhədəx] = animate
beathalachd [bɛhəl̪ˠəxg] = liveliness, vitality
uisge-beatha [ɯʃgʲəˈbɛhə] = whisky
Manx (Gaelg) bea = animation, life, lifespan, vital (statistics)
beaoil = moral, living
beaghee = nutritious, edible
beaghey = to feed, nourish, nurture, live, maintain; nourishment, foodstuffs, livelihood, nutrition, sustenance
ushtey bea = whiskey
Proto-Brythonic *bïwïd = life
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) byỽyt, bywyt, bowyt, bowyd= life, existence; liveliness; lifetime, living, livelihood, sustenance
Welsh (Cymraeg) bywyd [ˈbəu̯ɨ̞d/ˈbou̯ɪd] = life, existence; liveliness; lifetime, living, livelihood, sustenance; wealth, income; reward, gift
bywydaf, bywydu = to animate, quicken
bywydol = living, animate, lively, vital
bywydoldeb = life, animation, vitality
bywydus = full of life, lively, vigorous
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bewnans, bewnas = life, existence
Cornish (Kernewek) bewnans [‘bɛʊnans] = life, living
Middle Breton (Brezonec) buez, buhez = life, to live
Breton (Brezhoneg) buhez [ˈbyːe(z)] = life
buhezegezh = vitality, morals, ethics
buhezek = vital, full of vitality

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *biwos (alive, living, mortal), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (alive, living). Words from the same roots include words for food in Celtic languages, biology, quick, vitality and zoo in English, vida (life) in Spanish, and vie (life) in French [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

To Do & To Make

The verb to do & to make in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *gniyeti = to make, to do
Old Irish (Goídelc) dénai = to do
gníid [ɡʲnʲiː.iðʲ] = to do
Irish (Gaeilge) déan [dʲeːnˠ] = to do, to make
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dèan [ʲian] = to do, to make, to act, to work, to perform
Manx (Gaelg) jean = to do, to make
Welsh (Cymraeg) geni [ˈɡɛnɪ / ˈɡeːni] = to be born, give birth to, bring forth; beget, produce

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (to make) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru

Proto-Celtic *wregeti = to make, to do
Old Irish fairged = to make, to do
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwneuthur = to make, to do
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwneud [ɡwneɨ̯d / ɡwnei̯d] = to make, create, fashion, compose, construct, found, establish, pitch (a tent)
Cornish (Kernewek) gul [gy:l / gi:l ] = to do, to create, to make
Old Breton oper = to do, to make
Breton (Brezhoneg) ober = to do, to make

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (to make), which is also the root of the English words work and wrought [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Be

The verb to be in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *butā = to be
Old Irish (Goídelc) both = to be
Irish (Gaeilge) = to be, to exist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) [bi] = to be, to exist
Manx (Gaelg) ve = to be
Welsh (Cymraeg) bod [boːd] = to be
Cornish (Kernewek) boz [bɔ:z] = to be, to become, to exist
Breton (Brezhoneg) bezañ = to be

Note: this verb is irregular in all the Celtic languages, and some of the different conjugations come from different roots.

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuh₂- (to become, grow, appear) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Elbows

Words for elbow in Celtic languages.

Eoin Dillon & Frank Tate

Proto-Celtic *olīnā = elbow, angle, corner
Old Irish (Goídelc) uilen = elbow, forearm; angle, corner
uilnech = angled, cornered, squared-off
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) uilen, uille, uile, uilenn, uillenn = elbow, forearm; angle, corner
uillennach = having angles, angular
uilnech, uillech = having elbows, angles, corners
Irish (Gaeilge) uillinn = elbow, angle
uillinntomhas = protractor
uilleannach = having prominent elbows, elbowing, nudging
uilleach = angular
uilleachas = angularity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uileann [ulən̪ˠ] = elbow, angle
ceart-uileann = right angle
uileann tilgidh = trajectory
Manx (Gaelg) uillin = elbow, elbow joint, crook, angle, corner, nudge
uilliney = elbow
uillinaghey = to elbow, jostle
Old Welsh elin = elbow, forearm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) elin, elyn = elbow, forearm
elin(i)oc = elbow-shaped, angular
penn y elined, penn (yr) elin = elbow, bend
Welsh (Cymraeg) elin [ˈɛlɪn / ˈeːlɪn] = elbow, forearm; angle, bend
elinaf, elino = to elbow, jostle, project, jut out
elin(i)og = elbow-shaped, angular, having arms (of chair)
penelin, pen elin = elbow, bend, projection, corner
Middle Cornish (CerneweC) elin, elyn = angle, elbow
Cornish (Kernewek) elin [‘ɛlɪn] = elbow, angle
elin pedrek = right angle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) elin, ilin = elbow, bend
elinar, elinat, ilinad = bent, angled
Breton (Brezhoneg) ilin [ˈiːlin] = elbow, bend
ilinad = bent, angled
ilinañ = to lean
ilinata = to elbow, jostle
ilinañ = to lean
iliner = armrest
ilinwisk = elbow pad/brace/support

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (to bend). Cognate with the Latin ulna (elbow, arm), and the English elbow and ulna (one of the bones in the forearm, a.k.a. elbow bone) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Shoulders

Words for shoulder in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *skēdos = shoulder
Middle Irish gúala = shoulder
Irish (Gaeilge) gualainn [ˈɡuˑəl̪ˠənʲ] = shoulder
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gualainn [guəl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = shoulder
Manx (Gaelg) geaylin = corner (of house), shoulder
Proto-Brythonic *skuïð = shoulder
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgwydd [ˈəsɡwɨ̞ð / ˈəsɡʊi̯ð] = shoulder
Cornish (Kernewek) skoodh [sko:ð / sku:ð] = shoulder
Breton (Brezhoneg) skoaz = shoulder; help

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, English – Proto-Celtic Wordlist