Monday Moons

Today we’re looking at the words for moon, Monday and related things in Celtic languages.

Blue Moon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *louxsnos = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) lúan = moon, Monday, radiance
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lúan [ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = moon, Monday, doomsday, judgement day
día lúain [dʲiːə̯ ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = (on) Monday
Irish (Gaeilge) Luan [l̪ˠuən̪ˠ] = Monday, Aureole, nimbus, halo
Dé Luain [dʲeːˈl̪ˠuənʲ] = (on) Monday
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) Luan [l̪ˠuən] = Monday, the moon (poetic)
Diluain [dʲɪˈl̪ˠuən̪ʲ] = Monday
Manx (Gaelg) luan, lune = moon
Jelune, Jyluain, Lhein, Luain = Monday
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llun = Monday, (the) moon
Welsh (Cymraeg) llun, Llun [ɬɨːn /ɬiːn] = Monday, (the) moon
dydd Llun [dɨːð ˈɬɨːn / diːð ˈɬiːn] = Monday
Middle Cornish lin = the moon
di-lin, De Lun = Monday
Cornish (Kernewek) Lun = Monday
dy’Lun, de Lun = Monday
Breton (Brezhoneg) Lun = the moon
dilun [di.ˈlỹːn] = Monday

Etymology from PIE *lówksneh₂ (moon, shining thing), from *lewk- (to shine, to see, bright) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include illumiate, light, lucent, lucid, Lucifer, luminous, lunar, lustre, and lynx in English [source].

Etymology (Monday words) from Latin *diēs Lūnae (Monday), from diēs (day) and Lūna (the moon, Luna [a moon goddess]), or calques of this word [source].

Words from the same roots include dilluns (Monday) in Catalan, dilunes (Monday) in Occitan, and dilon (Monday) in Walloon [source].

Proto-Celtic *lugrā = moon
Proto-Brythonic *lloɨr = moon
*lloɨrkann = moonlight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) loyr = moon
loiraul = lunar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lloer = moon
lloerferch = one as fair as the moon, fair maiden, beautiful woman
lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit
lloeric = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar
lloerol = lunar
Welsh (Cymraeg) lloer [ˈɬoːɨ̯r /ˈɬɔi̯r] = (the) moon, satellite
lloeraidd = lunar, lunatic
lloeren = circle, round spot, satellite, little moon
lloerennol = satellite, pertaining to the moon
lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit
lloergannu = to shine (of the moon)
lloeri = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped
lloerig = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar
Old Cornish luir = moon
Middle Cornish loer, lor, lôr, loor, lour, lûr = moon
Cornish (Kernewek) loor = moon
lorel = lunar
lorell = satellite
lorek, loroges = lunatic, maniac, psychotic
Old Breton (Brethonoc) loir, loer = moon
Middle Breton (Brezonec) loar = moon
loer cann = full moon
Breton (Brezhoneg) loar = moon
loargann = full moon
loarieg = lunatic

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see), or from *lewg- (to bend, twist) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleuad, lleuat = moon
lleuadic = mad, lunatic
Welsh (Cymraeg) lleuad [ˈɬeɨ̯.ad /ˈɬei̯.ad] = the moon
lleuadu = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped
lleuadaidd = lunar
lleuadig = mad, lunatic
lleuadog = lunar, moon-like, moonlit, lunatic, moonstruck, mad, insane

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see). Related to lleu (light, brightness) and golau (light, bright, fair) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic *ēskyom = moon
Old Irish (Goídelc) éscae, aesca, æscae, ésca, æscæ, éisce [ˈeːske] = moon, lunar month
éscaide = lunar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) éscae = moon
éscaide = lunar
Irish (Gaeilge) éasca [ˈiːɑ̯skə / ˈeːsˠkə] = moon
éascaí = lunar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) èsga [eːsgə] = moon (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) eayst = moon, lunar
lane-eayst = full moon

Etymology from PIE *h₁eysk- (to shine, glitter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gelach = moon
Irish (Gaeilge) gealach [ɟəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈɟalˠəx] = moon, brightness (as of moon), moonlight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gealach [gʲal̪ˠəx] = (the) moon
gealach làn = full moon
gealachail [gʲal̪ˠəxal] = lunar
gealachan [gʲa̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
Manx (Gaelg) giallagh = moon

Etymology from Old Irish gel (fair, white, bright), from Proto-Celtic *gelos (shining, white), from PIE *ǵʰelh₃os, from *ǵʰelh₃- (to shine) [source].

Words from the same roots include words for white, bay and brown in Celtic languages, and arsenic, gall, gild, gild, gold and yellow in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) = moon
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ré, re = the moon
Irish (Gaeilge) = moon, phase of the moon, month, period, portion of time, span of life, career, age, era, epoch
na ré = lunar
(oíche) rédhorcha = moonless
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) [r̪eː] = the moon (poetic)
Manx (Gaelg) re, ray = moon

Etymology possibly from Proto-Celtic *rowis [source].

Another word for moon in Welsh is cannwyll awyr (“sky candle”), and the word cannaid (white, bright, shining, pure, clean radiant) used to mean moon in Carmarthenshire (and sun in north Wales).

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Similar Likeness

Today we’re looking at words for likeness, similarity and related things in Celtic languages.

Horses at Castlebridge Stud, Ireland

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *samalis = likeness, similarity
Gaulish samalo- = similar, like
Old Irish (Goídelc) samail [ˈsaβ̃ɨlʲ] = likeness, similarity, description
cosmail [ˈkosβ̃ɨl] = like, alike, similar
maccsamla = equal, match
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) samail, samhail = likeness, similarity, description, simile, metaphor; like, as
cosmail = like, similar, likely, probable, fitting, proper, becoming, likeness, similarity
mac(c)samla = an equal, match, the like (of)
Irish (Gaeilge) samhail = likeness, semblance, similitude, image, effigy, represetation, model, phantom, spectre
samhailchomhartha = symbol
samhailchomharthaigh = to symbolize, typify
samhailteach = imaginary
samhalta = visionary, fanciful, unreal, virtual
samhaltach = symbolic
samhaltas = symbolism
cosúil [kəˈsˠuːlʲ / ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ] = resembling like
macasamhail = like, equal, counterpart, reproduction, copy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) samhail, samhla [sãũ.al / sãũl̪ˠə] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, allegory, metaphor, likeness, (re)semblance, like, as similar to
samhailt [sãũ.aldʲ] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, example, apparition
samhlach = emblematical, typical, ghostly
samhlachas = analogy, symbolism
samhlachdainn = comparing, likening, symbolising
samhlaidheachd = symbolism
cosail [kɔsal] = similar, (a)like
mac-samhail = likeness, replica, duplicate, facsimile, equal, like
Manx (Gaelg) soyl = model
cosoyley = semblance, simile, symbol, analogy
cosoylagh = alike, allegoric(al), likely, symbolic
macsoyley = instance, metaphor
Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al [haˈβ̃aːlˑ] = like, similar, as
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) haval, haual, hafal = like, similar
val, fal = as, like, similar
cyhaual, kyhafal, cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal
dyfaly, dyfalu = to guess, suppose
euylychv, euelychu = to imitate, copy
Welsh (Cymraeg) hafal [ˈhaval] = like, similar, resembling, equal, fellow
hafalu = to equal(ize), equate
hafaledd = equality
hafaliad = equation
fel, fal [vɛl, val] = as, like, similar
cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal
dyfalu = to guess, suppose, fancy, imagine
efelychu = to imitate, copy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) haval = like, similar, resembling
havalder = likeness, similitude, resemblance
avel = like, similar
cehafal = equal, like, similar
Cornish (Kernewek) haval = alike, resembling, similar
avel, vel = as, like
kehaval = alike, equal
kehavalen = equation
Old Breton (Brethonoc) amal, hamal, hemel = similar, thus, like, similarly
Middle Breton (Brezonec) haual, haffual, hânvel = similar, likely
haualder = resemblance, likeness
haualier = to compare, seem, resemble
dishaval = dissimilar, different
Breton (Brezhoneg) hañval [ˈhã.val] = similar, likely
heñval [ˈhɛ̃ː.vɛl] = similar, same
hañvalat = apparent, seeming
hañvalder = resemblance, likeness
hañvalidigezh = appearance, aspect, resemblance
hañvalout = to compare, seem, resemble
dishañval = dissimilar, different, extra, great, super

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (together, one) [source]. Words from the same roots include mile, same, seem, simple, some, similar and system in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Seeds

Words for seed and related things in Celtic languages.

Seeds

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sīlom = seed
Old Irish (Goídelc) síl [sʲiːl] = seed, cause, origin, semen, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) síl = seed, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed,
sílach = seed
sílaid = to sow spread, breed, sower
sílaige = disseminator, one who propagates
sílaigthid = sower
sílem = sower
sílne = seed, sperm
Irish (Gaeilge) síol [ʃiː(ə)l̪ˠ] = seed, semem, sperm, offspring, progeny
síolach = seedy
síoladóir = seedsman, sower, disseminator
síoladóireacht = (act of) seeding, sowing
síoladaí = disseminator, propagator
síolaicme = race, breed
síolaigh = to seed, sow, disseminate, spread
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìol [ʃiəl̪ˠ] = seed, sperm, descendants, progency, line, lineage, increase
sìolach [ʃiə̪ˠəx] = breed, brood, offspring
sìolachadh [ʃiəl̪ˠəxəɣ] = (act of) sowing seed, reproducing, propagating, breeding
sìoladair [ʃiəl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = seedsman, sower
sìolag [ʃiəl̪ˠag] = seedling, strainer
sìolaiche [ʃiəl̪ɪç] = propagator
Manx (Gaelg) sheel = seed, sperm,
sheelag = seedling
sheelagh = seedy, fruitful, seminal
sheeleyder = seedsman, distiller, dribbler, refiner
sheelraghey = to breed, propagate, breeding
Proto-Brythonic *hil = race, lineage
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hil = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation
hylyo, hilyo = to bring forth, breed, beget
Welsh (Cymraeg) hil [hiːl] = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents, posterity, stock, lineage, race
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation, procreation, progency, lineage, offspring
hiliaeth = generation, progeny, lineage
hilio = to bring forth, breed, beget, propagate, increase, populate
hiliog = prolific, fruitful, fecund, fertile, pregrant
hiliogaeth = issue, offspring, seed, breed, race, posterity, descendants, lingeage
hiliwr, hilydd = racist
Cornish (Kernewek) hil = ethnicity, race
hilegydh(es) = racist
hilgasieth = racism
Breton (Brezhoneg) hil = seed, posterity
hilian, hiliañ = to procreate

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include earn, season, seed, seminar and sow in English, säen (to sow) in German, siać (to spread, leave smth and forgot its location) in Polish, and sēt (to sow) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *satos = seed
Proto-Brythonic *had = seed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hat, had = seeds
hadv, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed
Welsh (Cymraeg) had [haːd] = seeds, origin, source, bit, mite
hadaf, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed, grow seed, multiply, become fruitful, run to seed, sow, propagate
hadaidd = having seed, seedy, running to seed
hadblanhigyn = seedling
hadfa = seed-plot, nursery-garden
hadle = seed-plot, nursery, seminary, school
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) has, hâs = seed
Cornish (Kernewek) hasa = to sow
hasek = fruitful
has, hasen = seed, sperm
haslet = contraceptive
haslettyans = contraception
Old Breton (Brethonoc) att = seed
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hat = seed, grains, pips
hadaff, hadet, hada = to sow
Breton (Brezhoneg) had = seed, spawn, offspring
hadeg = seeding
hader = sower
haderezh = sowing
hadañ = to sow

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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A Shovelful of Spades

In this post we’re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages.

spades

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rāmyos = oar, spade, shovel
Old Irish (Goídelc) ráma = oar
ráïd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage
imm·rá = to row (about), navigate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rám(a), rámha = oar, spade
imm-rá, immará = to row (around), navigate, go
Irish (Gaeilge) rámh = oar
rámhach = oared
rámhaíocht = rowing, oarsmanship
rámhainn = spade, spade-length
rámhaí = oarsman
rámhaigh = to row
iomair = to row
iomróir = oarsman, rower
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràmh [r̪ˠaːv] = oar, paddle
ràmhach [r̪ˠãːvəx] = row(ing) boat, set of oars
ràmhachd [rˠ̪ãːvəxg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making
ràmhadh [r̪ˠaːvəɣ] = (act of) rowing
ràmhaiche, ràmhair [r̪ˠaːvɪçə / r̪ˠaːvɛrʲ] = oarsman, rower
iomair [imɪrʲ] = to row (a boat)
iomramhaiche [imərəvɪçə] = oarsman, rower
Manx (Gaelg) raue = rowing
raueder = rowing man
ymmyrt = oar, rowing, to row, to launch
ymmyrtagh = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing
reuyrey = to delve, dig (up), root, spade
Proto-Brythonic *rrọβ = shovel, spade
*rruɨβ̃ = oar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rau, raỽ, raw, rhaw = shovel, spade
rawyet, rhawieit = shoveful, spadeful
rwyf, rỽyf, rwyff = oar, paddle
rỽyuaỽ, rhwyfo = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaw [r̥aːu̯ / r̥au̯] = shovel, spade
rhaw(i)aid = shoveful, spadeful
rhawffon = spade, shovel, paddle
rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio = to shovel, dig
rhawiwr = shoveller
rhwyf = oar, paddle
rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden = fin (of a fish), propeller
rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner
Old Cornish ruif = oar
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ruif, rev = oar, ruler, king
ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur = rower, oarsman
Cornish (Kernewek) reuv = shovel
reuv arader = ploughshare
rev = oar
revya = to row, paddle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) reuf = spade
reuff, roeuff = oar
Breton (Brezhoneg) roev = spade
roeñv [rwẽʷ] = rowing, oar
roenvier, roevier = rower, oarsman

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (to row). Words from the same PIE root include row, rudder and Russia in English, roeien (to row [with oars]) and riem (oar, paddle) in Dutch, (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, ro (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, rame (oar, paddle) in French [source].

Etymology: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin rēmus (oar), from Proto-Italic *rē(z)mos, from a PIE *h₁reh₁- (to row) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) slúasat = shovel
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slúasat, slúasad = shovel, paddle, tooth
slúaistech = shovel-like
Irish (Gaeilge) sluasaid = shovel, shovelful
sluaisteáil = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop
sluaisteog = (small) shovelful
sluaisteoir = shoveller
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sluasaid [sl̪uəsadʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaist [sl̪uəʃdʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaisreadh [sl̪uəʃrʲəɣ] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach
Manx (Gaelg) sleayst = shovel
sleaystey = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing
sleaysteyder = shoveller, scooper

Etymology: unknown [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fàl [faːl̪ˠ] = scythe
fàladair [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = scyther, reaper, mower
fàlaireachd [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = scything, mowing
fàlaid [faːl̪ˠadʲ] = scythe
Manx (Gaelg) faayl = turfcutter, turfspade
foll = scythe
folderagh = to cut with a scythe, mowing
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pelechi = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pal, pál = spade, shovel
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg) pâl [paːl] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging,
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pal = spade, shove, mattock
Cornish (Kernewek) pal = spade
palas = to dig, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pal = shovel, spade
Breton (Brezhoneg) pal [pɑːl] = shovel, spade
palad [ˈpɑːlat] = shoveled
palat [ˈpɑːlat] = to dig
palerez [pa.ˈleː.res] = excavator

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include collar, cult and wheel in English, and Hals (neck, throat) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Light Lungs

Words for light, lungs and related things in Celtic languages.

Feather

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *skamos = light (weight)
Old Irish (Goídelc) scam = lungs
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scamán, scaman = lung
scoim, scaim = lungs
Irish (Gaeilge) scamhóg [sˠkəˈvˠoːɡ / ˈsˠkawoːɡ] = lung
scamhógach = pulmonary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgamhan [sgavan] = lung
sgamhanach [sgavanəx] = pulmonary
Manx (Gaelg) scowan = lung
scowanagh = pulmonary, chesty, bronchial
Old Welsh (Kembraec) scamnhegint = to lighten
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ysgaỽn, yscafyn, ysgavyn, ysgafyn, yscawin, ysgawn = light, quick, swift, nimble
yscafny = to lighten
escavynder, yscavnder = lightness, frivolity, levity
yscaunhav, ysgauynhav, ysgauynhau = to lighten
eskeueynt, (y)scheueyn, yscefeint, ysgyueint = lungs, lights (food)
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgafn [ˈəsɡavn] = light, quick, swift, speedy, brisk, fleet, nimble, light-footed, mild, slight, cheap, easy, unimportant, trifling, soft (drink)
(y)sgafnaf, (y)sgafnu = to lighten, become giddy, brighten
ysgafnder = lightness, frivolity, levity
ysgafnhad = lightening, alleviation
ysgafnhau = to lighten
(y)sgyfaint, (y)sgyfain = lungs, lights (food), pulmonary disease, pneumonia
ysgyfeinaidd, ysgyfeiniol = pulmonary
Old Cornish sceuens = lungs
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scaf, scâv, scâff, sc(h)aff, sgav = light in weight, nimble
scevens, sceuens, skephans = lungs, lights
Cornish (Kernewek) skav = agile, flimsy, light, nimble, quick, slight, swift
skavder = agility, quickness, speed
skafhe = to lighten
skevens = lungs
scowanagh = pulmonary
Old Breton (Brethonoc) scam = light, frivolous, alert
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scanff = light, frivolous, alert
scaffhat = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate
squeuent, squèuent = lungs
Breton (Brezhoneg) skañv [ˈskã(w)] = light, frivolous, alert
skañvaad [skã.ˈfɑːt / skã.ˈvɑːt] = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate
skañvbennadurezh = frivolity
skañvded [ˈskãː.det] = lightness
skevent [ˈskeː.vɛnt] = lungs, pulmonary

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem- [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) étromm [ˈeːdrum] = light
étrommaigid = to lighten, alleviate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) étromm, etrom, étrom = light, airy, buoyant, slight, trifling, unimportant
Irish (Gaeilge) éadrom [ˈiːa̯d̪ˠəɾˠəmˠ / ˈeːd̪ˠɾˠəmˠ] = light, not deep, weak, thin, sparse, frivolous, trivial, light-headed, free from care
éadromaigeanta = light of spirit, light-hearted
éadromaigh = to lighten
éadromán = lightened, air-filled, object, balloon, float, light-headed person
éadromántacht = light-headedness, frivolity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aotrom [ɯːdrəm] = light, light-hearted, trivial, frivolous
aotromachd [ɯːdrəməxg] = lightness, levity, buoyancy
aotromaich [ɯːdrəmɪç] = lighten, make ligter, alleviate
aotromas [ɯːdrəməs] = lightness
Manx (Gaelg) eddrym = light(weight), unsubstantial, slight, mild, feint, benign, weak, empty (headed), flighty, shallow, silly, vain, frivolous
eddrymaghey = to lighten, unburden, alleviate, ease
eddrymid = lightness, levity, giddiness, mildness, shallowness
eddrymys = lightness, levity

Etymology: from Old Irish é- (un-) and trom (heavy) [source]. More on words for heavy in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Acorns

Words for acorns and related things in Celtic languages.

Acorns

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *messus = acorn, tree fruit
Old Irish (Goídelc) mess [mʲes] = nuts and berries, mast (fruit of forest trees, esp. if fallen and used as fodder for pigs, etc)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mes(s) = tree fruit, mast
mes(s)ach = fruitful
Irish (Gaeilge) meas [mʲasˠ] = fruit of forest tree, mast, offspring (literary)
measach = fruitful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meas [mes] = fruit, mast
measraich [mɛsrɪç] = jam
measach [mesəx] = fruitful, fruity
measag [mesag] = small fruit
Manx (Gaelg) mess = fruit, issue
mess yn darragh = acorn
messoil = fruitful, fructiferous, plentiful, prolific, productive
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals)
messyryt, mesyryd = (abundance of) mast, autumn
Welsh (Cymraeg) mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals
mes derw = oakmast, acorns
mes Iau = chestnuts
mesa = to gather acorns, feed pigs on acorns
mesaig = meal of acorns
mesog = abounding in acorns, acorn-bearing, glandular, glandulous
meswr = acorn gatherer
Old Cornish mesin, mesen = acorn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mesen = acorn
Cornish (Kernewek) mesen = acorn
mes = acorns
Old Breton (Brethonoc) mes = acorns, glands
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mez, mès, mes = acorns, glands
Breton (Brezhoneg) mezenn, mesenn = acron, gland
mez, mes [meːs] = acrons, glands
mesa = to look for acorns

Etmology: unknown, possibly from an non-Indo-European source [source].

Proto-Celtic *derkos = berry (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) derc [dʲerk] = berry
dercu = acorn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) derc = berry
dercu, derucc, dearca, dercain = acorn
dercnach = abounding in acorns
Irish (Gaeilge) dearc = berry (literary)
dearca = acorn
dearcán = acorn, (head of) thistle
dearcnach = abounding in acorns
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dearc [dʲɛr̪ˠxg] = berry
dearc-dharaich = acorn
dearcach [dʲɛr̪ˠxgəx] = pertaining to or abounding in berries
dearcag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgag] = small berry, shinty ball
dearcnag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgnag] = blackberry, brambles

Etmology: from PIE *dʰreh₂ǵ-, or from *derḱ- (to see) [source].

Another word for acorn in Welsh is gwerbl, the origins of which are uncertain.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Mixed & Confused

In this post we’re getting mixed up and confused about words for drunk and related things in Celtic languages.

Drunk cat 1

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *miskos = mixture, confusion
*miskati = to mix, confuse
*kom-miskos = mixture, confusion
*kommiskati = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) mesc [mʲesk] = drunk, intoxicated
mescae [ˈmʲeskɘ] = drunkenness, intoxication
mescaid = to confuse
mesctha = confused, intoxicated
con·mesca [konˈmʲeska] = to mix together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mesc(c) = drunk, intoxicated, mixed, confused, muddled, confusion
mescae = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment, excitment
mescaid = to mix, bewilder, confuse, confound
mesctha = confused, intoxicated, mixed, variegated
con-mesca = to mix together, conmingle, join, unite
Irish (Gaeilge) measc [mʲasˠk] = jumble, confusion, to mix (up), blend, stir
meascadh = (ad)mixture, confusion
meascán = mass, lump, mixture, jumble, muddle
meascthóir = mixer, stirrer
meisce [ˈmʲɛʃcɪ / ˈmʲɪʃcɪ] = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment
ar meisce = drunk, intoxicated
meisceoir = drunkard
meisceoireacht = drunkenness, inebriety
meisciúil = intoxicating, drunken, addicted to drinking
cumaisc = to mix together, blend, combine, compound, cohabit
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) measg [mesg] = mix, stir, mingle
am measg [ə mesg] = amongst, among
measgach [mesgəx] = sociable, gregarious, promiscuous
measgachadh [mesgəxəɣ] = mixing, mixure, combining
measgadair = mixer
measgadh [mesgəɣ] = mixing, stirring, mingling, mixture
misg [miʃgʲ] = drunkenness, inebriation, insobriety
air misg = drunk
misgeach [miʃgʲəx] = heady, drunk, intoxicated
misgear [miʃgʲər] = drunkard, tippler
coimeasg [kɔiməsg] = combine, merge, blend, mix
coimeasgadh [kɔməsgəɣ] = combining, combination, merging, merger, blending
Manx (Gaelg) mastey = amid(st), among(st), mingled, within, mixture
mestey = compound, mixture, jumble; to confuse, mix, mingle, mash, shuffle, stir
mestey-vestey = concoction, melee, mix up
meshtey [ˈmeʃtə] = inebriety
er meshtey = drunk, inebriated, intoxicated
meshtallagh = drunk(ard), boozer, inebriate
meshtallaght = promiscuity, drunkenness
meshtallys, meshtelllys, meshtyrys = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
covestey = to mix, mingle, merge
covestit = mixed, mingled, blended
Proto-Brythonic *mɨsk = amid, amidst
*mɨskad [mɨˈsˑkaːd] = to blend, mix, confuse
*kɨm-mɨsk = mixed, confused (?)
*kummɨskad = to mingle, confuse, mix
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mysc = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused
mysci, mysgi = turmoil, tumult
cymysc, kymysc, kymmysc, kymysg = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture
cymyscu, kemescu, kymysgu, kymyscu = to mix, mixed, blend, compound
cymysced, cymmyscedd = mixture, compound, jumble
ymysg, ym mysc = among, between
Welsh (Cymraeg) mysg [mɨːsk / mɪsk] = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused, midst
mysgaf, mysgu = to undo, untie, unpick, unravel, disentangle, loosen, mix, mingle, jumble
mysgi = turmoil, tumult
cymysg [ˈkʰəmɨ̞sk / ˈkʰəmɪsk] = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture
cymysgaf, cymysg(u) = to mix, mixed, blend, compound
ymysg = among, between, in the midst of
Old Cornish commisc = mixed
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mysc, mŷsk = midst, middle
cemescys, kemeskis, kemeskys = mixture
cemyscy, kemyskys, cymyscys, kemyskis = to mingle, mix
Cornish (Kernewek) mysk, mesk = midst
myska, meska = to blend, involve, mingle
myskas, myskii = mongrel
kemmysk = mix
kemyska = to mix, jumble, mingle
kemyskans = mixture
kemyskedh = hybrid
kemyskell = mixer (machine)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mesc = mixture, chaos, disorder
mescaff, meskaff = to mix, blend, stir
quemesq [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion
quemesq(a) = to mix, merge
Breton (Brezhoneg) mesk [mesk] = mixture, chaos, disorder
meskaj [ˈmes.kaʃ] = mixure
meskañ [ˈmeskã] = to mix, blend, stir
meskata [ˈmeskat:a] = mixer
kemmesk [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion
kemmeskad = composite
kemmeskañ = to mix, merge

Etymology: from PIE *miḱsḱéti (to mix), from *meyḱ- (to mix) [source].

Words from the same roots include mash, meddle, medley, melee, miscellaneous, mix and promiscuous in English, mêler (to mix, meddle in, get mixed up in, shuffle) in French, mischen (to mix, shuffle) in German, and miesić (to knead) in Polish [source].

For words for drunk and related things in Brythonic languages, see the Celtiadur post Honey Wine.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Honey Wine

Words for mead, wine and related things in Celtic languages.

mead!

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *medu = mead, wine, alcoholic drink
*medwos = drunk
Celtiberian Mezu-kenos = personal name “mead-born”
Gaulish medu = mead
Medu-genos = personal name “mead-born”
Primitive Irish medu = mead
Primitive Irish *ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (*medu) = mead
ᚋᚓᚇᚇᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ (meddogeni) = personal name “mead-born”
ᚋᚓᚇᚃᚃᚔ (medvvi) = personal name “meady”
Old Irish (Goídelc) mid [mʲið] = mead
Midgen = personal name “mead-born”
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mid, midh = mead
medb = strong, intoxicating (liquor)
Irish (Gaeilge) meá [mʲæh / mʲa(h)] = mead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meadh [mjɤɣ] = mead
meadhach = fuddled with mead, like mead, abounding in mead
Manx (Gaelg) meddagh = mead-maker
Proto-Brythonic *með [mɛːð] = mead
Old Welsh (Kembraec) med = mead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) met, med = mead
meddawt, meddavt, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
meddfaeth, metveith, meduaeth, medweith = nourished on mead, having feastedon mead, mead-feast
medgell, meddgell = mead-cellar, drink-cellar
met kirn, medgyrn, metgyrn, meddgyrn = mead-horn, drinking-horn
metv, medw, meddw = drunk
medwyt, medwi, meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to get drunk
Welsh (Cymraeg) medd [meːð] = mead
meddaidd = like mead, sweet
medd-dod, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
meddfaeth = luxurious, soft, gentle, delicate, pampered, effeminate
meddw [ˈmɛðu] = drunk, intoxicated, fuddled, tipsy
meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to be(come) drunk or tipsy, to be intoxicated or inebriated, to make drunky
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) medh, medu, meddou = mead
medhas = drunkenness, intoxication
medho = drunken, intoxicated
Cornish (Kernewek) medh = mead, hydromel
medhow = drunk, intoxicated
medhwenep = drunkenness, intoxication
medhwi = to intoxicate, make drunk
medhwynsi = drunkenness
Old Breton (Brethonoc) medot = mead
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mez = mead
Breton (Brezhoneg) mez [meː(s)] = mead
mezv [mɛ(z)w] = drunk, wobbly (furniture)
mezventi = alcoholism
mezvier = drunkard
mezvierezh = drunkenness
mezviñ [ˈmɛ(z)vĩ] = to get drunk
mezvus [ˈmɛ(z)vys] = intoxicating, heady

Etymology: from PIE *médʰu (honey, honey wine, mead), possibly related to Proto-Semitic *mataḳ- (sweet) [source].

Words from the same roots include mead in English, mead in English, mjöður (mead) in Icelandic, медведь [mʲɪdˈvʲetʲ] (bear, large clumsy person, lit. “honey eater”) in Russian, mesi (nectar) in Finnish, and possibly (mì / mitsu – honey) in Chinese and Japanese and (mil – beeswax, honey) in Korean [source].

The Irish name Méabh (Maeve) also comes from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic *wīnom = wine
Leptonic 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom) = wine
Old Irish (Goídelc) fín = wine
fín acat = vinegar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fín = wine
fínán = cheap wine
fínda = pertaining to wine
fínmar = having abundance of wine
fíntan = vineyard
Irish (Gaeilge) fíon [fʲiːn̪ˠ] = wine
fíonchaor = grape
fíoncheannaí = wine merchant, vintner
fíonda = vinous, pertaining to wine
fíondaite = wine-coloured
fíonghort [ˈfʲiːnˠˌɣɔɾˠtˠ] = vineyard
fíonmhar = rich in wine, vinous
fíonsaothrú = viticulture
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fìon [fiən] = wine
fìon-chaor [fiən xɯːr] = grape
fìon-chrann = grapevine
fìon-fhoghar = wine harvest, vintage
fìon-geur = vinegar
fìon-lios = vineyard
fìonadair = wine-maker
Manx (Gaelg) feeyn = wine
feeyney = of wine, vinous
feeyneyder = wine-maker, vintner
feeyneydys = viticulture
berrish-feeyney = grape
feeyn geayr = vinegar
fouyr feeyney = vintage
garey feeyney = vineyard
Proto-Brythonic *gwin = wine
Old Welsh (Kembraec) guin = wine
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gvin, guin, gwin = wine
gwinblas = mansion where wine is dispensed in abundance
gwindeveirn = wine-tavern
gwindy, gwin-dŷ = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house
guinegyr, gwinegyr = vinegar
guinlann, gwinllan(n) = vineyard, vine
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine, fermented liquor made from the juice of fruits (apples, elderberries, rhubarb, gooseberries, etc), like wine, pleasant, sweet, fine, excellent
gwinbren = vine
gwindy = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house
gwinegr = vinegar
gwinllan = vineyard, vine, copse, grove, wood, plantation
gwinwr, gwinydd = vintner, vine-grower, vine-dresser, vineyard owner
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gwin, guin = wine
gwinbren, guinbren = vine
Cornish (Kernewek) gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine
gwinbren = vine
gwinlan = vineyard
gwinyer = winemaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guin = wine
guiniin = vines
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guin, guyn = wine
guiny, guyni = vines
guynieyer = vineyard
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwin [ɡwĩːn / ɡɥĩːn] = wine
gwinegr [ɡwĩnˈɛk(r)] = vinegar
gwini [ˈɡɥĩːni] = vines
gwinieg [ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛk] = vineyard
gwinier [ɡwĩ.ˈniː.ɛr / ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛr] = winemaker
gwinioniezh [ɡɥĩ.nɔ̃ˈniː.ɛs] = oenology

Etymology: from Latin vīnum (wine, grapes, grapevine), from Proto-Italic *wīnom (wine), from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom (wine, vine). The Welsh and Cornish words come from Latin via Proto-Celtic, the Breton and Goidelic words were borrowed direct from Latin, and the Leptonic word comes direct from Proto-Italic [source].

Words from the same roots include wine, vine, vinegar and oenology (the scientific study of wines and winemaking) in English, wijn (wine) in Dutch, vino (wine) in Italian, wino (wine) in Polish, and possibly ወይን (wäyn – grape) in Amharic [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Eyebrows

Words for eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid and related things in Celtic languages.

002-365 Nothing But Eyebrows

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *abrant- = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc) abra = eyelash
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) abra eyelash, eyelid
fabra = eyelash, eyelid, fringe
Irish (Gaeilge) fabhra, abhra = eyelash, (eye)brow
fabhraí = fringe
fabhraíoch = pertaining to eyelashes, ciliary
fabhrán = cilium
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abhra [aurə] = eyelid, eyelash
abhrad [aurəd] = eyelid, eyelash
fabhra [faurə] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe
fabhrad [faurəd] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe
Manx (Gaelg) ferroogh = eyelash, eyelid
Proto-Brythonic *abrant = eyelid
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) amrant, amraỽt = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow
Welsh (Cymraeg) amrant [ˈamrant] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow
ar amrant = in the twinkling of an eye, instantly
amrantaf, amrantu = to blink, wink, shut (eyes), doze, slumber sleep, fall asleep
amrantiad = twinkling of an eye, instant
amrantun = nap, sleep
amrantyn = twinkling of an eye, moment, instant, eyelid
Old Cornish abrans = eyebrow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) abrans = eyebrow
Cornish (Kernewek) abrans [ˈabrans] = eyebrow
Middle Breton abrant = eyebrow
abrantec = with large eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg) abrant [ˈa.brãnt] = eyebrow
abranteg = finicky, pernickety, haughty, supercilious, punctilious
abrantek = with large eyebrows

Etymology: related to Proto-Celtic *brū- (brow), from PIE *h₃bʰrúHs (eyebrow) [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *malaxs = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc) mala = eyebrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mala = eyebrow
Irish (Gaeilge) mala [ˈmˠɑl̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow, slope, incline
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mala [mal̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow
malairneach [mal̪ˠər̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = frowning
malach [mal̪ˠəx] = having / pertaining to eyebrows
Manx (Gaelg) mollee = brow, eyebrow
Middle Breton maluen = eyelid, eyebrow
maluennec = having big eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg) malvenn [ˈmal.vɛn] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow, canopy
malvenneg = ciliated
malvennek = having big eyebrows
malvennin, malvenniñ = to blink

Etymology: from PIE *ml̥Hdʰo- [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Old Welsh (Kembraec) ail = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ael = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead, edge, border, hem, side, summit
aeldew = thick-browed
Welsh (Cymraeg) ael [aːɨ̯l / ai̯l] = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead
aeldew = thick-browed
aeldrist = sad-faced
aeldrwm = heavy-browed, frowning
aeliad, aelio = to protrude
aeliog = (big-/large-)browed, large-brimmed
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guorail = eyebrow

Etymology: unknown [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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The End

Words for end, after and related things in Celtic languages.

Kyle of Lochalsh / Caol Loch Aillse

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dīwedom = end
Old Irish (Goídelc) dead [ˈdʲe] = end, conclusion, limit
déidenach = final, last
deired [ˈdʲerʲəð] = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dead, deud, diud = end, conclusion, limit
i ndead, inna dead = below, further on, after, behind, since
co dead = forever, to the end, always
fo deoid = = at last, in the end, ultimately
deired = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion
deiredach = coming at the end, latest, last
Irish (Gaeilge) diaidh [dʲiəɟ / dʲiə]
as diaidh = after, behind
diaidh ar/i ndiaidh = gradually
i ndiaidh [əˈnʲiəɟ / əˈn̠ʲeːj] = after, later, subsequently
ina ndiaidh sin [ɪnˠə ˈjiə ʃin] = afterwards, after that
deireadh = end, conclusion, termination
deireanach = last, late, latter, recent
deireanaí = lateness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dèidh [dʲeː] = after
an dèidh [ən̪ʲˈdʲeː] = after, behind
dèidheanach = last, hindmost
deireadh [dʲerʲəɣ] = end, rear, stem, remains, leftovers
deireannach [dʲerʲənˠəx] = final, last, ultimate, hindmost, latter, late, tardy, slow, posterior, backward
Manx (Gaelg) jei = afterwards, after, behind
jei shoh = henceforth
jei-cheeayllagh = retarded, backward
jerrey = back, close, conclusion, effect, end, expiration, expiry, extreme, finale, finish
jerrinagh = absolute, belated, closing, end, final, last
jerrinaght = absoluteness, final, finality
Proto-Brythonic *diweð [ˈlɔːn] = end, ending
Old Welsh (Kembraec) diued = end
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) diuet, diwet, dyuet, diwed, diỽed = end, close, conclusion
diwedho, diwed = to end, finish, close
diwedar, diweddar = late, recent, modern, deceased
Welsh (Cymraeg) diwedd [ˈdɪu̯ɛð] = end, close, conclusion, consumation, termination, extremity, death, event, issue
diweddaf, diwedd(u) = to end, finish, close, terminate, perish, put an end to
diweddar [dɪu̯ˈɛðar] = late, recent, modern, deceased
diweddaru = to modernize, get or become late
diweddaf [dɪu̯ˈɛθav] = last, final, previous, most recent
ar y diwedd = in the end, at the end, at last, ultimately, finally
o’r diwedd = at last, finally
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) diwedh, dewedh = an end, bound, goal, limit
diwedha = late, utmost
diwedhas = late
diwedhe = to end, finish, accomplish
diwedhva = an ending place, end, conclusion
Cornish (Kernewek) diwedh = end, outcome
heb diwedh = endlessly, continuously, eternal
war an diwedh = at long last, finally, in the long term
diwedha = to end, expire
diwedhans = expiry
diwedhes = late
diwedhva = destination, end, ending
diwedhys = ended, late, over
Old Breton diued = end
Middle Breton divez, diuez = end
diuezaff = last, final
Breton (Brezhoneg) diwezh [ˈdiwːɛ(s)] = end, final
diwezhañ [di.ˈweː.zã] = last, final
diwezhat [diˈweː(z)at] = late, remained, backward
diwezhataat = to postpone, adjorn

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dīwedeti (to stop), *dī- (from, away) and *wedeti (to lead), from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰeti (to lead), from *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include engage, gage, wage, wager and wed in English, and gager (to guarantee, wager, bet) in French [source]. The word Taoiseach (the Head of the Irish government), possibly comes from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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