Woman / Wife

Words for woman / wife in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *benā = woman
Gaulish benā = woman, wife
Old Irish (Goídelc) ben [bʲen] = woman
Irish (Gaeilge) bean [bʲanˠ] = woman, wife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bean [bɛn] = woman, wife
Manx (Gaelg) ben = woman, lady, wife
Proto-Brythonic *ben = woman
Old Welsh ben = woman
Welsh (Cymraeg) benyw = female, girl, woman, feminine
menyw = woman, female, feminine
Old Cornish benen = woman
Cornish (Kernewek) benyn [‘bɛnɪn / ‘bɛnən] = woman
Old Breton ban = woman
Breton (Brezhoneg) e-ben = woman

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (woman) [source], which is also the root of the English words queen and gynecology, words for woman in some other Germanic languages, such as kvinna in Swedish, and words for woman / wife in Slavic languages, such as žena in Czech.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Proto-Celtic *wrakkā = woman
Old Irish (Goídelc) frac = woman
Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg [ˈɡwre̝ːɡ] = woman, (human) female, wife
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gureic, gwreic = wife, woman
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwraig [ɡuˈrai̯ɡ] = wife, woman, (human) female
Old Cornish greg, grueg = wife
Middle Cornish gurek = wife
Cornish (Kernewek) gwreg [gwrɛ:g / gwre:g] = wife
Middle Breton gruec = wife
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwreg [ˈɡwʁɛːk] = wife

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Proto-Celtic English Word List, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Man / Husband

Words for man / husband in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wiros = man, husband
Celtiberian *uiros = man, husband
Gaulish *wiros = man, husband
Primitive Irish *ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (*viras) [u̯irah] = man
Old Irish (Goídelc) fer [fʲer] = man, husband
Irish (Gaeilge) fear [fʲaɾˠ] = man, husband
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fear [fɛr] = man, husband, male
Manx (Gaelg) fer [fɛr] = male, man, gentleman, individual, fellow, bloke, chap
Proto-Brythonic *gwur [ˈˠwur] = man, husband
Old Welsh gur = man, husband
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gur = man, husband
Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵr [ɡuːr] = man, person, anyone, valiant warrior, brave man, hero; vassal; married man, husband; chessman, pawn
Old Cornish uir = husband
Cornish (Kernewek) gour [ɡu:r] = husband
Middle Breton gur = man, husband
Breton (Brezhoneg) gour [ˈɡuːʁ] = man, person, husband (rare)

Selfie / Hunlun

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (man, husband, warrior, hero) [source], which is also the root of the English words virile and werewolf.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Troop, host, throng

Today we’re looking at troop, host, throng and related word in Celtic languages.

The crowd grows ...

Proto-Celtic *slougos = troop, army
Gaulish *slugi = troop, army
Old Irish (Goídelc) slóg, slúag = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slúagh = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Irish (Gaeilge) slua [sˠl̪ˠuə] = host, force, army; crowd, multitude, throng
sluaghán = slogan
sluamhar = having large forces, multitudinous
slógadh = mobilization, hosting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sluagh [sl̪ˠuəɣ] = folk, people, populace; the fairy host; crowd
sluaghmhor = populous, densely, inhabited
sluagh-ghairm = slogan
an sluagh cumanta = the common folk
sluagh na sìthe = the fairies (poetic)
sluagh Innse Fàil = the people of Ireland (poetic)
Manx (Gaelg) sleih = commonalty, crowd, family, inhabitants, people, populace, public, relations
sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic *lʉɣ [ˈlʉːɣ] = troop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llu, llv = host, throng, multitude
Welsh (Cymraeg) llu [ɬɨː / ɬiː] = host, a large number (of people), a great many, multitude, throng, crowd, flock (of birds); army, body of armed men, regiment
lluaf, lluo = to throng, crowd, flock together, gather, bring together
lluarth = military camp
lluarthaf, lluarthu = to pitch camp, encamp, camp
heddlu = police
Old Cornish lu = army
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lu = a great multitude, host, army
Cornish (Kernewek) lu [ly: / liˑʊ] = army, military, troop
morlu, lu lestri = navy
Old Breton lu = army
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lu = army
morlu = navy
Breton (Brezhoneg) lu = army
aerlu = airforce
morlu = navy

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos / *slowgos (entourage), which is also the root of the English word slew [source].

The English word slogan comes from the Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm [ˈsɫ̪uəɣɤɾʲəm] (battle cry) from the Old Irish slóg/slúag (army, host, throng, crowd), and gairm (call, cry, crow, proclamation) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Trees, Wood(s) & Forests

Words for tree, wood and related things in Celtic languages.

There are various words for tree in the modern Celtic languages. In each language the usual word for tree is different and comes from different roots. Only the Cornish and Breton words are cognate. The usual words for tree are: crann (Irish), craobh (Scottish Gaelic), billey (Manx), coeden (Welsh), gwedhen (Cornish) and gwezenn (Breton).

Here be trees!

Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom = tree, wood
Old Irish (Goídelc) crann = tree
crannchor = casting of lots
crannda = wooden
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) crann, crand = tree, wood, timber, staff, pole, plank, beam, spearshaft, mast, steering oar, lot, destiny, fate
crannach, cranncha = trees, grove, wooded place
crannaige, crannaigi = shaft-trimmer, spearsman
crannaigid = to cast lots
crannán = small spearshaft
crannchor, crannchur = casting of lots
crannda, cranda = wooden, made of wood, wooded
cranngal, crannghal = timber, wooden structure or object, spear (shaft)
crannóc, crandoc = wooden structure, wooden drinking-container; basket, wooden lake-dwelling
cranntáball = sling, staff-sling
Irish (Gaeilge) crann [kɾˠaun̪ˠ / kɾˠan̪ˠ] = tree; mast, boom, pole; stock, handle; shaft, beam; stick
crannach = stake-fence, forest of spears, arboreal, wooded
crannadóir = arboriculturist, tree-climber
crannadóireacht = arboriculture, tree-climbing
crannail = timbering, timbers, lattice-work, ship’s masts
crannán = wooden shaft, handle, wooden vessel, hardening stand (for bread)
crannchur = casting of lots, sweepstake, lottery
crannlach = brushwood, (withered) stalks, haulm
crannmhar = full of trees, timbered, wooded
crannóg = piece of wood, pole, wooden frame
crannúil = tree-like, arborescent
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crann [kraun̪ˠ] = mast; plough; beam; lot (in drawing lots); tree (archaic)
cranntair = wooden peg/pin
crannghail = wooden frame
crannach = pertaining to or abounding in masts, ploughs, beams, trees etc
crannchur = destiny, lot, draw, lottery
crannag = pulpit, crannog, island dun, crosstree
crannlach = brushwood, lanky wood, dummy
Manx (Gaelg) croan = boom, mast, flag pole
creenagh = brushwood, wither
crannag = dock, heap, desk, pulpit, rostrum, lookout
Gaulish prenne = big tree
Proto-Brythonic prenn [ˈprenː] = wood, tree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pren, prenn = tree, bush, timber, wood
prenvol, prenuol, prennol = (wooden) box, chest, coffer
Welsh (Cymraeg) pren [prɛn] = tree, bush, shrub; timber, wood, wooden; piece of wood, wooden stick; cross, gallows, gibbet
prenfol = (wooden) box, chest, coffer, case, coffin
preniaf, prennaf, prenio, prennu = to bolt (a door), bar, shut (sb) out
prensaer = carpenter
Old Cornish pren = wood
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pren = tree, wood, timber, a piece of wood, a lot
prenic = wooden, woody
prenne = to fasten with a piece of wood, to bar
prennyer = pieces of wood
Cornish (Kernewek) prenn [prɛn:] = bar, beam, log, timber, (gambling) lot , wooden
prenna, predna = to bar, lock
prennek = wooden, woody
prennlown = plywood
prennweyth = woodwork
Old Breton pren = wood
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pren, prenn, preen = wood
prennaff, prena, prenna = to close, block
prennet = to lock
Breton (Brezhoneg) prenn = wood, piece of wood, fastner
prennañ = to close, fasten, shut

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kʷres (bush, thicket) [source]. Words from the same roots include hurst (wood, grove – used in placenames, e.g. Lyndhurst) in English, and Horst (eyrie, bush, thicket, small forest) in German [source]

Old Irish (Goídelc) cráeb / cróeb = tree
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cráeb, craib = branch, bough, sprig, rod, wand, post, tree, bush
cráebach, cræbacha = having branches, branchy, branches
Irish (Gaeilge) craobh = branch, bough; tree
craobhach = branches, branched, branching, flowing, spreading
craobhaigh = to branch, ramify, expand, spread
craobhóg = small branch, twig, sprig, spray, darling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) craobh [krɯːv] = tree, bush
craobhaich = woody, wooded, full of trees, branching, spreading
craobhag [krɯːvag] = small tree
craobhadair [krɯːvədɪrʲ] = arborist, tree specialist
Manx (Gaelg) crouw = stock, bush, dwarf tree, stick, bunch, wide spreading tree, tributary of river

Etymology: unknown, possibly from Proto-Celtic krētros (sieve) [source].

Proto-Celtic *belyom = tree
Gaulish *bilia [ˈbi.liaː] = tall tree
Old Irish (Goídelc) bile [ˈbʲilʲe] = tree, especially a large, ancient, sacred one
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bile [ˈbʲilʲe] = (large) tree (esp. an ancient and venerated one), tree trunk, mast, scion, hero
bilech = abounding in trees, (well-)wooded
bileóc, biléog = leaf, leaflet
Irish (Gaeilge) bile [ˈbʲɪlʲə] = (large, sacred) tree; scion; distinguished person
bileog = leaf, letter of freedom (to marry)
bileogach = leafy, laminated
biliúil = tree-like, stately
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bile [bilə] = mast; plough; beam; lot (in drawing lots); tree (archaic); cluster of trees, sacred tree/grove
bileach = leaf, amount of leaves, leafy tree
bileag = blade (of vegetation), board, leaf, leaflet, pamphlet, ticket, label, slip (of paper)
bileagach = lipped, billed, bladed, fringed, edged
Manx (Gaelg) billey = tree, big bush
billagh = tree, wooded, woody
biljagh = arboreal, wooded
billey
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bill, pill = (tree) trunk, stock, log, branch; fortress
billwydd = kindling, firewood, sticks, brushwood; joists, laths
Welsh (Cymraeg) pill [pɪɬ] = (tree) trunk, stock, log, branch, pole, stake, post; fortress, castle, stronghold, refuge, sanctuary, safety, strength, force; snatch of song, verse; still, crib; socket
pillwydd = kindling, firewood, sticks, brushwood; joists, laths
pillyn = peg
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bilh, bill = a felled tree trunk, log, lumber, timber
bilh-koad = chunk of wood
Breton (Brezhoneg) bill = trunk

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yo- (leaf), from *bʰleh₃- (blossom, flower) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish, include bille (tree trunk, railway sleeper, rolling pin) and billon (a ridge in a ploughed field) in French, bilha (stem, trunk) in Provençal and possibly billa (spigot, faucet, stick) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include folio and phyllo / fil(l)o (pastry), phyllomancy (diviniation by leaves) in English, feuille (leaf, sheet) in French, andhoja (leaf, petal, blade) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *widus = wood, trees
Old Irish (Goídelc) fid = tree, wood, letter in Ogham
fidchell = a boardgame similar to chess
fidrad = trees, a wood
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fid = tree, wood, timber
fidach = wooded, abounding in trees, timber
fidchell = a boardgame similar to chess
fidrad = trees, a wood, letter (in Oghan)
Irish (Gaeilge) fiodh = tree, wood, timber
fiodhach = abounding in trees, wooded
fiodhneimheadh = sacred grove
fiodhradh = trees, timbers, letters (literary)
ficheall = chess, chess board
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fiodh [fjɤɣ] = wood, timber, wooden, made of wood
fidhcheall = Celtic chess
fiodhach [fjɤɣəx] = shrubbery, shrubs, cheese press; wooden, ligneous, woody
fiodhan = cheese press
fiodhrach [fjɤɣan] = timber
Manx (Gaelg) fuygh = timber, wood
fuyghagh, fuyghoil = ligneous, wooden, woody
fuyghee = wooden
feeal = chess
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨð [ˈɡwɨːð] = wood, trees
Old Welsh guid = tree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guit, guyt, gwyd, gwŷdd = tree(s), forest, woods
gvytbuil, gvydbvll = a chess-like boardgame
guduit, gwyddfid, gwytuid, gwituid = wood, forest, bush, protective hedge
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwŷdd [ɡwɨːð / ɡwiːð] = tree(s), branches, twigs; forest, woods, shrub(s); lineage, genealogical tree, stock; stem
gwyddallt = wooded slope
gwyddbwyll = chess; knowledge, learning, science, reason
gwyddel = forest, grove, thicket, brake, wilderness
gwyddfid = wood, forest, bush, protective hedge
Old Cornish guit = trees
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gwedh, gweydh, gwydh = trees
gwedhen, gwedhan = tree
gwydhbol = chess
Cornish (Kernewek) gwydh [gwɪ:ð] = trees
gwedhen = tree
gwedhek = woodland
gwedhlan = arboretum, tree plantation
Old Breton guid = trees
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guez, guid, gwyd, gwydh = tree(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwez [ɡwe] = trees
gwezenn = tree
gwezeg = wooded
gwezek = abounding in trees
gwezboell = chess

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-. (tree, beam) [source]. Words from the same roots include wood in English, vid (firewood, wood) in Swedish, and ved (wood) in Danish [source].

Proto-Celtic *kaitos = wood, forest
Proto-Brythonic *koɨd [ˈkoɨ̯d] = wood, forest
*argoɨd = surrounding forest
Old Welsh coit = wood, forest
coetlann = copse, grove, woodland, wooded glade
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) coyt, coit, koet, coet, coed = forest, wood, trees
coedallt = wooded slope, hillside
coedva, koedfa = grove, woodland, forest
koedach = shrubs, brushwood
coydiawc, coedawc, coedoc = woody, wooded
coydiawl, koedolyon = silvan, rustic, wild
coet, coedwig, coedwic = forest, wood
Welsh (Cymraeg) coed [koːɨ̯d / kɔi̯d] = forest, wood, trees; shrubs; timber, pieces of wood
coeden [koːɨ̯d / kɔi̯d] = tree
coedaidd = silvan, arboraceous, woody, wooden
coedallt = wooded slope, hillside
coedfa = grove, woodland, forest
coed(i)ach = shrubs, brushwood, underwood, withered branches
coed(i)af), coed(i)o = to prop or timber a pit or shaft
coed(i)og = woody, wooded, abounding with trees, silvan
coed(i)ol = pertaining to wood or timber, silvan, rustic, wild
coedlan = copse, grove, woodland, wooded glade
coedwig = forest, wood
argoed = trees, forest, surrounding forest
Old Cornish cuit = wood, forest
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) coys, coyd, coid = wood, forest
Cornish (Kernewek) koos [ko:z / ku:z] = forest
Middle Breton (Brezonec) coat, coet, coët = wood, forest
Breton (Brezhoneg) koad [ˈkwɑːt] = wood, forest
koadadur = afforestation, tree planting
koadaj = panelling, woodwork
koadeg = wooded, woody
koader = to timber, panel, plant trees
argoad = groove, copse, wooded

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kayt-/*ḱayt- (forest, wasteland, pasture) [source]. Words from the same roots include heath and heather in English, Heide (heath, heathland, woodland, forest) in German, hed (moor, waste land) in Swedish.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic


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To Drink

Words for to drink in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *ɸibeti = to drink
Gaulish ibetis = to drink
Old Irish (Goídelc) ibid [ˈivʲiðʲ] = to drink, to suckle
Irish (Gaeilge) ibh = to drink
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ibh = to drink
Manx (Gaelg) iu = to drink, imbibe, tipple, quaff
Proto-Brythonic *ɨβɨd [ɨˈβɨːd] = to drink
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yuet = to drink
Welsh (Cymraeg) yfed [ˈəvɛd] = to drink
Cornish (Kernewek) eva [‘ɛva / ‘ɛvɐ] = to drink, absorb
Old Breton evaff = to drink
Middle Breton yvet = to drink
Breton (Brezhoneg) evañ [ˈe.vɑ̃] = to drink

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti (to drink) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸotlom = to drink
Old Irish (Goídelc) ól [oːl] = to drink
Irish (Gaeilge) ól [oːl̪ˠ / oːl / ɔːl̪ˠ] = to drink
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) òl [ɔːl̪ˠ] = to drink, sup, absorb
Manx (Gaelg) oyl = to drink

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pōtlo- / *péh₃tlom, from *peh₃- (to drink) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Teaglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Poets, Seers & Bards

Words for poets, seers & bards in Celtic languages.

The Cheif Bard of The Fens

Proto-Celtic *weless = seer, poet
Gaulish uelets = seer, poet
Primitive Irish ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas) = seer, poet
Old Irish (Goídelc) fili [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet, seer
Irish (Gaeilge) file = poet; satirist, scold
filíocht = poetry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) filidh [filɪ] = poet, bard, minstrel, warbler, songster, philosopher, orator
filidheachd [filɪjəxg] = poetry of a filidh; versification
Manx (Gaelg) feelee = poet
feeleeaght = poetry

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *weleti (to see), from the Proto-Indo-European *wel- (to see) [source].

Proto-Celtic *wātis = soothsayer, prophet
Gaulish οὐάτεις (uatis) = seer
Old Irish (Goídelc) fáíth [faːθʲ] = seer, soothsayer, prophet
fáíthsine = prophecy, augury
Irish (Gaeilge) fáigh = seer, prophet, wise man, sage
fáighbhean = prophetess, wise woman
fáidheadóir = prophet, predictor, soothsayer; profound, sage
fáidheadóireacht = prophecy, prediction; wise, sagacious, speech
fáidhiúil = prophetic, wise, sagacious
fáidhiúilacht = prophetic quality, sagaciousness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fàidh [faːj] = prophet, seer; soothsayer
fàidheadair [faːjədɛrʲ] = prophet
fàisneachd = prophecy, prediction, foretelling
fàidheadaireachd = prophesying, prophecy, prediction, divination
Manx (Gaelg) fadeyr = prophet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guant, gwaud, gwawt = song of praise
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwawd = song of praise, panegyric, eulogy, praise, exaltation; mockery, derision, ridicule, lampoon, scorn, satire
gwawdaidd = scornful, jeering, satirical
gwawdair = poem, eulogy, praise, commendation
gwawdawr = poet
gwawdio = to mock deride
gwawdlun = caricature
gwawdlyd = mocking, scornful

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (excited, inspired, possessed, excited) [source].

Proto-Celtic *bardos = poet, bard
Old Irish (Goídelc) bard [bar͈d] = bard, poet
Irish (Gaeilge) bard [bˠɑːɾˠd̪ˠ / bˠæːɾˠd̪ˠ] = poet, bard, scold
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bàrd [baːr̪ˠd] = poet, versifier (traditionally ranked below the seven grades of filidh), bard, rhymer
Manx (Gaelg) bard = poet, bard
Proto-Brythonic *barð [ˈbarð] = poet, bard
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bart, bard, bardd = poet, bard
Welsh (Cymraeg) bardd [barð] = poet, bard, literary person, author, prophet, philosopher, priest
Old Cornish barth = poet, bard
Cornish (Kernewek) bardh [barð / bærð] = (male) bard, poet
Middle Breton barz = bard, poet
Breton (Brezhoneg) barzh = bard, poet

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (to approve, praise) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

To See & To Be

Today we’re looking at the verbs to be and to see, and related words, in Celtic languages. This verb is one of the few irregular verbs in the Celtic languages. Different parts of the conjugated forms come from different roots.

bee

Proto-Celtic *buyeti = to be, become
Gaulish biiete = to be
Old Irish (Goídelc) [bʲiː] = to be
Irish (Gaeilge) [bʲiː] = to be, exist (conjugation)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bi [bi] = to be, exist (conjugation)
Manx (Gaelg) bee [biː] = to be
Proto-Brythonic *bujɨd = to be, become
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bot = to be
Welsh (Cymraeg) bod [boːd] = to be (conjugation)
bodaeth = existence, the state of being, ontology; a being, living creature
bodiad = (the state of) being, existence
bodiadol = being, existing, present (tense)
Cornish (Kernewek) bos [ˈbɔːz] = to be, become, exist (conjugation)
Old Breton bout/bud/but = to be
Breton (Brezhoneg) bezañ [ˈbe.zɑ̃] = to be (conjugation)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (to become, grow, appear) [source], which is also the root of such English words as wise, wit, view, vision, video, guide, druid and history [source].

Proto-Celtic *tāti = to be (stative)
Old Irish (Goídelc) at·tá [atˈtaː] = to be, have
Irish (Gaeilge) [t̪ˠæː] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bí (to be) in the affirmative form)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tha [ha] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bi (to be) in the affirmative form)
Manx (Gaelg) ta [ta] = am/is/are (present tense of the verb bee (to be) in the affirmative form)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tau = to be
Welsh (Cymraeg) taw [taːu̯ / tau̯] = that, being, existing, present (tense)
Middle Cornish otte/atta [ˈbɔːz] = that (?)
Old Breton to = that (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-(t) (to stand (up)) [source].

Proto-Celtic *weleti = to see
*wele = see (imperative)
*weless = seer, poet
Primitive Irish ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas) = poet
Old Irish (Goídelc) fil [fʲilʲ] = am/is/are (present progressive conjunct of at·tá)
fili [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet, seer
filidecht / filedacht [ˈfʲilʲəð(ʲ)əxt] = poetry, divination
Irish (Gaeilge) bhfuil [vˠɪlʲ / wɪlʲ] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bí)
níl [n̠ʲiːlʲ] = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bí) – from ní fhuil
file = poet, satirist, scold
filíocht = poetry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bheil [vel] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bi)
chan eil [xan̪ʲ el] = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bi)
filidh [filɪ] = poet, bard, minstrel
filidheachd [filɪjəxg] = poetry, versification, rhyming
Manx (Gaelg) vel [vel] = am/is/are (present affirmative form of the verb bee)
cha nel = am not/is not/are not (present negative form of the verb bee)
feelee [ˈfʲilʲi] = poet
feeleeaght = poetry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwelet / guelud = to see
Welsh (Cymraeg) gweld [ɡwɛld] = to see, behold, perceive with the eyes, grasp intellectually, understand, visualize, imagine, view, inspect, interview, visit, inquire (conjugation)
gweledydd = seer, prophet, beholder
gweledig = in sight, visible, perceptible, seen, perceived
anweledig = invisible
Cornish (Kernewek) gweles [‘gwɛlɛs / ‘gwɛlɐz] = to see (conjugation)
gweladow = visible
anweladow = invisible
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwelet = to hear, keep an eye on, watch (conjugation)
gwelapi = visible
disgwel / diwel = invisible
rakwelet = to foresee, predict, preview

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wel- (to see). This verb came to mean “there is” in Old Irish and its descendents, but continued to mean to see in the Brythonic languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *ad-kʷis-o- = to see
Old Irish (Goídelc) aicci = sees
Irish (Gaeilge) feic [fʲɛc] = to see
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) faic [fɛçgʲ] = to see, look, behold, observe
Manx (Gaelg) faik = to see

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (to observe), or from *kʷes- (see) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Talkative

Words for talkative, to speak, to sing and related things in Celtic languages.

"Hello, friend!"

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros = talkative
*amɸlabros = dumb, mute
Gaulish lab(a)ro- = talkative, eloquent, sonorous, speaker – appears in the names Labarus and Labrios
Old Irish (Goídelc) labar = talkative, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
amlabar = dumb, mute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) labar = talkative, arrogant, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
labarthach = talkative, noisy
labra = gift of speech, talkativeness, utterance, sound, speaking
labraithir = to speak, talk, utter, say
amlabar = dumb, mute
Irish (Gaeilge) labhair = to speak, hail
labhairt = speaking, speech, utterance, voice, call
labharthacch = talkative, vociferous, noisy
labharthacht = talkativeness
labhra = speech, utterance
amhlabhra = inarticulateness, bad delivery
amhlabhrach = crude of speech, inarticulate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) labhair [l̪ˠau.ɪrʲ] = to speak, say, talk, speak!, utter!
labhar = speaking loudly, loquacious, boastful
labhairt = speaking, uttering, utterance
labhairteach = loquacious, oral
labhairte = said, spoken
amhlabhair = mute, dumb, speechless (obsolete)
co-labhairt = conference, symposium
neach-labhairt = speaker, spokesperson
ro-labhairt = prologue
Manx (Gaelg) loayr = to speak, extemporise
loayreyder = mouthpiece, speaker, talker
loayrt = to speak, talk, utter, express
loayrit = oral, spoken
amloayrtagh = dumb, mute
Proto-Brythonic *laβar [laβaːr] = prone to talking, eloquent
*aβ̃laβar = dumb, mute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llawar, llavar, llauar = loud, clear, vociferous
lleueir, llauarei, llafaraf = to speak, say, tell
aflauar = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Welsh (Cymraeg) llafar [ˈɬa(ː)var] = loud, clear, vociferous, resounding, resonant, sonorous; pertaining to the voice, vocal (of music, in contrast with instrumental); talkative, loquacious; spoken (language), oral, verbal
llafarder = talkativeness, loquaciousness
llafaredig = spoken, uttered, oral, verbal, articulate
llafareiddio = to make more colloquial, speak naturally
llafariad = vowel
llefaru = to speak, say, tell, declare
lleferydd = speech, voice, expression, uttereance, pronunciation
aflafar [avˈlavar] = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Old Cornish lauar = talkative
aflauar = dumb, mute
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lavar = utterance, speech, voice, a saying, word, proverb
lavary = to speak, say, tell, pronounce, declare
avlavar, afavar = speechless, dumb, mute
Cornish (Kernewek) lavar = expression, idiom, utterance, sentence
lavaren = phrase
amlavar = dumb, mute
leverel, lawl = to pronounce, say, tell
leveryans = pronunciation
avlavar = dumb
Old Breton labar = talkative
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lauaret = to say, promise
Breton (Brezhoneg) lavar [ˈlɑːvar] = to say, word, language
lavaradenn – to tell
lavarenn [laˈvɑːrɛn] = proposal
lavaret = to say, promise
lavariant = communicative
lavariantiz = communication
amlavar = dumb, mute

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble), which is also the root of words such as barbarian in English, pleurer (to cry) in French, and llorar (to cry, weep) in Spanish [Wiktionary].

Old Irish (Goídelc) asbeir [asˈbʲerʲ] = to say, utter, mention, speak
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) atbeir = to say, speak
Irish (Gaeilge) abair [ˈabˠəɾʲ] = to say, utter, speak, express, state, allege, give opinion, suppose, assume, mean, direct, report
abairt sentence, phrase
abartha given to repartee
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abair [abɪrʲ] = to say, speak, utter, tell
abairt [abər̪ˠʃdʲ] expression, phrase, collocation, saying, comment
abartach [abər̪ˠʃdəx] talkative, bold. impudent
Manx (Gaelg) abbyr = to say, state, assume
abbyrt = sentence, dialect, phrase, expression, period

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ess (ex-, out) and *beirid (to carry, bring, bear, give) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kaneti = to sing
*kantlom = singing
*toɸareuɸokaneti = to prophesize
Old Irish (Goídelc) canaid = to chant, praise, recite, sing, speak
cainnt [kan͈ʲtʲ] = speech, talk, conversation; act of speaking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) canaid = to sing, recite, chant
canamain = singing, chanting
cantain = singing, reciting, chanting, uttering
cainnt = speach, talk, conversation, act of speaking
cainntech = talkative, loquacious
Irish (Gaeilge) can [kan̪ˠ/kanˠ] = to chant, sing, speak, talk, call, name
canadh [kan̪ˠə/ˈkanˠuː] = singing, chanting
cantaire = chanter, chorister
caint [kan̠ʲtʲ / kəin̠ʲtʲ] = speech, talking
cainteach = talkative, chatty
cainteoir = speaker, talker
caintigh = to speak, address, accost
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) can [kan] = (to) say
cainnt [kãĩn̠ʲdʲ] = to speak, talk, commune
cainnteach [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəx] = loquacious, talkative
cainnteanas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲənəs] = speech
cainntear [kãĩn̠ʲdʲər] = orator, speaker
cainntearachd [kãĩn̠ʲdʲərəxg] = eloquence, rhetorical expression
cainnteas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəs] = attractive speech
cànan [kaːnan] = language
cànanachas = linguistics
cànanaiche = linguist
Manx (Gaelg) caaynt = spoken language, spoken word, talk
caayntagh = loquacious
Proto-Brythonic *kėnɨd [ke̝ˈnɨːd] = to sing
Old Welsh canam = to sing
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kan, cân = song
kanu, canu = to sing
kantor, kantoryeit = singer, songster, vocalist, musician, cantor
kanwr, kantoryeit = singer, vocalist
ynganv = to speak, talk, say
Welsh (Cymraeg) cân [kaːn] = song
canaf, canu [ˈkanɨ̞/ˈka(ː)ni] to sing; to intone, chant, to state, say, to produce musical sounds, to play (the harp, piano, etc), to compose poetry, to celebrate in song
cantor, cantores = singer, vocalist, musician, cantor
canwr = singer, vocalist
ynganu = to speak, talk, say, tell, declare, express, pronounce
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) can = song
canas = song
cane, cana = to sing (a song), to sing as birds, to crow
canor, canores = singer
Cornish (Kernewek) kan = poem, song
kana [‘kana / ‘kɒnɐ] = to sing
kaner, kanores = singer
kanik = ditty, jingle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) can = song
canaff = to sing
caner = singer
Breton (Brezhoneg) kan [ˈkãːn] = song
kanadeg = concert, cantata
kanañ [ˈkãː.nã] = to sing
kanaouenn [kã.ˈnɔ.wːɛn] = song
kaner [ˈkãː.nɛr] = singer

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (to sing) [source]. The English words accent, cant, chant, charm, enchant, hen and incantation come from the same root, as does the Breton word kentel (lesson, moral), the French word chanter (to sing), and the Spanish word cantar (to sing) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Welsh (Cymraeg) comio = to talk converse
ymgom = (subject of) chat or conversation
ymgomiad = chat, conversatoin, talk, dispute, debate
ymgomio, ymgoniaf = to chat, converse, mention, discuss, dispute, debate
ymgomiol = chatty, conversational, colloquial
ymgomiwr = conversationalist, talker, speaker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cews, cowms, cows = speech, discourse, talk
cewsel, cowsa = to speak, say, tell, relate
cows = to speak, say, tell
cowses = a speech, discourse
Cornish (Kernewek) kows [kɔʊz] = to speak, talk
kewsel [ˈkɛʊzɛl] = to speak, talk
Middle Breton comps = speech, to say, tell, pronounce
Breton (Brezhoneg) komz [ˈkɔ̃ms] = to speak, talk, express oneself
komzapl = expressible
komzer = speaker
komzerzh = expression
komzidigezh = speech
komzus = expressive

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *wepos (speech, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (to speak), which is also the root of epic, vocal, voice and vowel in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Old Irish (Goídelc) comrád = conversation, dialogue, talking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) comrád. comrad = conversing, talking, dialogue, speech, utterance, saying
comráidid = to converse
comráitech = chatty, talkative
Irish (Gaeilge) comhrá [ˈkoːɾˠɑː/ˈkõːɾˠɑ̃] = conversation
comhráiteach = conversationalist, conversational
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còmhradh [kɔ̃ːrəɣ] = conversing, conversatoin, dialogue, discussion, negotiation
Manx (Gaelg) cowag = babble, chat

Etymology: from Old Irish com- (mutual, joint, co-) and rád (speech, talk, conversation), from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *rādīti, from *rādī (to talk) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Noses & Nostrils

Words for nose and nostril in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *srognā = nose
Gaulish *srognā = nose, nostril
Old Irish (Goídelc) srón [sroːn] = nose, nostril
Irish (Gaeilge) srón [sˠɾˠoːnˠ] = nose; sense of smell; prow, projection
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sròn [sdrɔːn] = nose, snout, trunk; promontory; snout (of a glacier); toe (of a shoe)
Manx (Gaelg) stroin [strɛin] = nose, promontory, headland, ness, naze, nose-piece
Proto-Brythonic *froɨn = nose
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ffroen = nostril
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffroen = nostril; muzzle of a gun, mouth of a cannon, nozzle of a pair of bellows; hole, entrance, opening (of a pipe), cock, spout
Cornish (Kernewek) frig [fri:g] = nostril
Old Breton fron = nostril
Middle Breton froan / fron = nostril
Breton (Brezhoneg) froen = nostril
fri = nose

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sregʰ- (snore), from *welH- (to turn, to wind) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Gaulish *trugnā = nose
Welsh (Cymraeg) trwyn [truːɨ̯n / trʊi̯n] = nose, snout; sense of smell
Old Cornish trein = nose
Cornish (Kernewek) tron [tro:n] = nose, point (of land), snout, tunnel
Breton (Brezhoneg) stroen = dirt, snot

Sources: Wiktionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Backs & Ridges

Words for back in Celtic languages.

View from Snowdon

Old Irish (Goídelc) druimm [drumʲ] = back, ridge
Irish (Gaeilge) droim [d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ / d̪ˠɾˠɪmʲ] = back, ridge, carapace, wave
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) druim [drɯim] = back, ridge, keel, backline, camber
Manx (Gaelg) dreeym = back, ridge, hillside, down, terrace, shed, camber, saddle, fret, arch, edge

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie

Proto-Celtic *kebno- = back
Gaulish Cebenna [keˈben.na] = ridge, height, and name of the mountins now known as the Cévennes
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) keuen [ˈke.ven] = back
Welsh (Cymraeg) cefn [kɛvn / ˈkeːvɛn] = back, support, ridge, middle, center
Cornish (Kernewek) keyn [kɛɪn / kəɪn] = back, keel, ridge
Breton (Brezhoneg) kein [ˈkɛjn] = back, keel, binding, convexity

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau