Druids

Today we’re looking at the words for druids in Celtic languages.

Druids

Proto-Celtic *druwits = druid, priest
Gaulish *druwits / *druwides = druid
Old Irish (Goídelc) druí [ˈdruːi̯] = druid, sorcerer, magician
Irish (Gaeilge) draoi [d̪ˠɾˠiː] = druid, wizard, magician, augur, diviner, trickster
draíocht = druidic art, druidism, witchcraft, magic, charm, enchantment
draíochtach = magicial, bewitching, entrancing
draíodóir = magician
draíodóireacht = magic, sly, cunning, hypocrisy, trickery, secretiveness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) draoidh [drɯj] = druid, sorcerer, magician, wizard
draoidheachd [drɯjəxg] = magic, sorcery, druidism
draoidheil [drɤjal] = druidic(al), magic(al)
ceò-draoidh = magic mist
eun-draoidh = augur
Manx (Gaelg) druaight = charm, druid
druaightagh = smithcraft, smithery, smithywork
druaightys = charming, druid, druidism, magic
Proto-Brythonic *drüw [ˈdryu̯] = druid, seer
Welsh (Cymraeg) dryw [drɨu̯/drɪu̯] = druid, seer
derwydd [ˈdɛrwɨ̞ð / ˈdɛrwɪð] = prophet, wise man, druid
derwyddaidd = druidical
derwyddiaeth = druidism, the druid cult
derwyddol = druidic, druidical
archderwydd = archdruid
Old Cornish druw = druid
Cornish (Kernewek) drewydh = druid
Breton (Brezhoneg) drouiz [ˈdruː.is] = druid
drouizek / drouizel = druidic
drouizelezh / drouiziezh = druidism

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *daru (oak) and *wid-/*windeti (to know, to see), from the Proto-Indo-European *dóru (tree) and *weyd (to see, know) [source].

The Gaulish words for druid were borrowed by Ancient Greek, as δρυΐδαι (druḯdai), and Latin, as Druidēs. The Latin word was borrowed into French as druide, which was borrowed into English as druid [source].

The Proto-Brythonic word *drüw was borrowed into Old English as drȳ (sorcerer, magician), which became drī(mann)/driʒ(mann) (sorcerer, magician) in Middle English [source]. A few modern druids use the word drymann, or something similiar, to refer to themselves.

Here’s a traditional Welsh tune called Y Derwydd (The Druid):

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Smiths

Today we’re looking at the words for smiths and related people in Celtic languages.

Blacksmiths

Proto-Celtic *gobanns / *goban- = smith
Gaulish Gobano = personal name
Cobanno = name of a god
Old Irish (Goídelc) gobae [ˈɡove] = smith
goibnecht / gaibnecht = the craft or calling of a smith
Irish (Gaeilge) gabha [ɡəu.ə/ɡəu/ɡoː] = smith
gabha buí = goldsmith
gabha dubh = backsmith, dipper, water ouzel
gabha geal = silversmtih, whitesmith
gabha óir = goldsmith
gabha stáin = tinsmith
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gobha [go.ə] = (black)smith
gobha-dubh = blacksmith
gabha-geal = whitesmith
gobha-ghunnachan = gunsmith
gobha-ghlasan = locksmith
Manx (Gaelg) gaaue = blacksmith, forger, smith
gaauenys = smithcraft, smithery, smithywork
gaauenaght = smithcraft
gaaue airh = goldsmith
gaaue argid = silversmith
gaaue armyn = armourer
gaaue cabbil = farrier
gaaue glish = locksmith
gaaue gunney = gunsmith
gaaue stainney = tinsmith
Proto-Brythonic *goβ = smith, blacksmith
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gof, gob, gou, geueil = smith, blacksmith
Welsh (Cymraeg) gof [ɡoːv] = smith, blacksmith, ironsmith
gof angorau = anchor-smtih
gof afrau = harness-maker
gof arain = silversmtih
gof aur = goldsmith
gof cloeau = locksmith
gof du = blacksmtih
gof ffrasau = maker of phrases
gof pren = carpenter
gof pres = brass-smith, copper-smith, tinker
Old Cornish gof = smith
Cornish (Kernewek) gov = blacksmith, smith
govel = forge
Old Breton gob, gobail = smith
Middle Breton goff = smith
Breton (Brezhoneg) gov [ˈɡow] = smith
govel = forge, wire, forging, sharpening
govelaj = forging
goveliañ = to forge
govelier = smith
govelierezh = forging, sharpening

Etymology: uncertain – possibly related to the Latin word faber (artisan, craftsman, maker, forger, smith), or from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰobʰ-/*gʰwobʰ- [source].

The surname McGowan comes from Mac Gabhainn (Irish) or Mac Gobhainn (Scottish Gaelic), both of which mean “son of the smith”. Other versions of this name are available, including MacGabhainn, O’Gowan, McGavin, McGowin and McCowan [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Walls

Today we’re looking at the words for walls, weirs and related things in Celtic languages.

wall

Irish (Gaeilge) balla [ˈbˠal̪ˠə] = wall
cúlbhalla = back wall
idirbhalla = party wall
uchtbhalla = parapet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) balla [bal̪ˠə] = wall
balla-tòin = back wall
balla-tarsainn = partition (wall)
balla-dìon = protective wall, safety barrier
Manx (Gaelg) boalley = bulwark, dyke, wall
boallee = to wall, enclose, impale
boallit = walled, dyked, enclosed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) wal/gwal = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) (g)wal [(ɡ)wal] = wall
walio = to wall
Middle Cornish gwal = wall

Etymology: from the Old English weall (wall, dike), from the Proto-Germanic *wallaz / *wallą (wall, rampart, entrenchment), from the Latin vallum (rampart, military wall), from vallus (stake, pallisade, point), from the Proto-Indo-European *welH-/*wel- (to turn, wind, roll) [source].

Words from the same roots include wall, wallow, well and valve in English, wal (coast, shore, earthen levee) in Dutch, Wall (rampart, parapet, earthwork, levee, embankment) in German, valla (fence, barricade, obstacle) in Spanish, and vall (moat) in Catalan [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) múr = wall
Irish (Gaeilge) múr [mˠuːɾˠ] = wall, rampart, pile, building, dwelling, bank, mound, heap, mass, shower, profussion, abundance
múrach = having walls, walled, mural
múrdhathadóireacht = wall-painting
múr báistí = rain-cloud, heavy fall of rain
múr cathrach = city wall
múr ceo = bank of fog
múr tine = wall of flame, conflagration
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mùr [muːr] = (defensive) wall, rampart, fortification
Proto-Brythonic *mʉr = wall
Old Welsh mur = wall
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mur = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) mur [mɨːr/miːr] = wall, rampart, fortification, defender
murio = to build (a wall) to wall, fortify, lay bricks or stones
muriog = walled, fortified, wall-like, defensive
murlen = poster, placard
murlun = mural, frieze
Breton (Brezhoneg) mur = (exterior) wall

Etymology: from the Latin mūrus (wall), from the Proto-Italic *moiros, from the Proto-Indo-European *mey- (to fix, to build fortifications or fences) [source].

Words from the same roots include mere (boundry, limit) in English, mur (wall) in French, muro (wall) in Italian, and muur (wall, barrier) in Dutch [source].

Proto-Celtic *wraga = ?
Gaulish *brāca = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) fraig = wall (interior)
Irish (Gaeilge) fraigh = (interior of) wall, rafters, roof
fraighfhliulch = damp-walled, damp from contact with a wet wall (of clothes)
fraighleach = roofing, rafters
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fraigh [frɤj] = partition, partitioning wall, border, edge, fringe, shelf
fraighnidh [frɤin̪ʲɪ] = water oozing through a wall

Etymology: unknown

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) paret, parwyt = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) pared = wall, surface of a wall, dividing-wall, partition
Old Cornish poruit = wall

Etymology: from the Latin pariēs (the wall of a house or room). Words from the same roots include parete (wall, side, surface) in Italian, pared (wall) in Spanish, and paroi (inner wall, inside surface, side) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic *koret = palisade, wall
Old Irish (Goídelc) cora = weir
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cora = stone fence, weir
Irish (Gaeilge) cora [ˈkɔɾˠə] = weir, rocky crossing-place in river, rocky ridge extending into sea or lake
cora éisc = fish weir
cloch chora = stepping-stone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caradh [karəɣ], cairidh [karʲɪ] = weir, mound (in a body of water)
cairidh-iasgaich = fishing weir
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kored, cored, coret = weir, dam, fishgarth
Welsh (Cymraeg) cored = weir, dam
Old Breton kored / gored = fish weir
Breton (Brezhoneg) kored = fish weir

Etymology: uncertain – possibly related to the German word Hürde (hurdle) and/or the Old English word *hyrd (framework, door), which is the root of the English word hurdle.

The usual word for wall in Cornish is fos, which is cognate with words for ditch in other Celtic languages. See Ditches and Trenches.

Another word for wall in Breton is moger. See Fields, Meadows and Pastures.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Mysterious Secrets

In this post we’re looking at words for secret and mystery, and related words, in Celtic languages.

Secret words

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rūnā = secret, mystery, magic
Gaulish Cobrunus = personal name
Leptonic Runatis = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) rún [r͈uːn] = mystery, secret
rúnde [ˈr͈uːn͈de] = mysterious, mystical
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rún, rúun, rúin = something hidden or occult, a mystery, mystic or hidden meaning, a secret, secret thoughts or wishes, intention, purpose, design
Irish (Gaeilge) rún [ɾˠuːnˠ] = mystery, secret, intention, purpose, resolution, love, affection
rúnach = darling, sweetheart; runic, secret, mysterious
rúnaí = secretary, confidant, secretary-bird
rúnchara = confidant(e)
rúnda = mystical, mysterious, secret, confidential
rúndacht = secrecy
rúnmhar = close, secretive
rúnscríbhin = runic script, secret writing, cipher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rùn [r̪ˠuːn] = secret, intention, design, resolution, motive, purpose, desire, love
rùnach = secretarial, mysterious, mystical, beloved, runic
rùnag = small secret, dearie, sweetie
rùnaire = secretary
rùinean = small secret, quietly
Manx (Gaelg) roon = confidence, obstinacy, viciousness, malice, spite, resentment, rune
roonagh = stubborn, secret, vindictive, perverse, malicious, malignant, vicious, ill intentioned, runic
Proto-Brythonic *rrin = mystery
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rin = mystery, charm
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhin [r̥iːn] = secret, mystery, miracle; privacy, intimacy, intercourse; enchanment, magic spell, charm, sorcery, witchcraft, rune; virtue, attribute, property, quality, essence; secret, private, mysterious, occult
rhin(i)af / rhin(i)o = to whisper, speak secretly, charm, enchant, secrete
rhiniwr = charmer, enchanter, sorcerer, magician
rhinaidd = obscure, profound, enchanting
rhinwedd = virtue, rectitude, moral excellence, nature, quality
cyfrin = mysterious, esoteric; mystic, mystery, secret.
cyfrinach = secret, mystery, deliberation
Cornish (Kernewek) rin = mystery
kevrin(ek) = secret
Middle Breton rin = secret, wisdom

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-/*rēwH- (to roar, grumble, murmur, mumble, whisper). The Proto-Germanic word *rūnō (secret, mystery, rune) and related words in modern Germanic languages, including rune in English and Dutch, and runa (rune) in Swedish, possibly come from the same Proto-Celtic root, or from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *kowdo- = hiding place, concealment
*koudeti = hide
Proto-Brythonic *kʉðɨd = to hide
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cud = concealment, covering, hidden
Welsh (Cymraeg) cudd [kɨð/kɪð] = concealment, hiding-place, secrecy, covering, veil; concealed, hidden, dark, hiding
cuddedig = hidden, concealed, unknown, covered,mysterious, secret, dark
cuddfa = hiding-place, retreat, hoard
cuddiad = a hiding, concealment, secret
cuddio = to hide, conceal, bury, cover
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cudhe, cidha, citha, cudhb = to hide, conceal, cover
cudhygyc = one that conceals himself, bashful, ashamed
Cornish (Kernewek) kudh = concealed, hidden, secret
kudha (rag) = to conceal, hide (from)
kudhlen = cover, veil
kudhoberys = underhand
kudhva = hideout, lair
kudhys = veiled
Middle Breton cuzaff = secret, confidential
Breton (Brezhoneg kuzh = secret, confidential
kuzh(iadell) / toull-kuzh = hiding place
kuzhat = to hide (oneself)
kuzhet = masked
kuzhadur = eclipse, blanking, concealment
kuzhuter = confidant(e)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- from *(s)kewH- (to hide, cover, wrap). Words from the same roots include custodian, hide, house, hut and sky in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *sanestos = secret (advice), whisper, counsel, history
Old Irish (Goídelc) sana(i)s = advice, counsel, whisper, privacy
Irish (Gaeilge) sanas [ˈsˠanˠasˠ] = whisper, hint, suggestion, gloss, glossary
sanasaí = etymologist
sanasaíocht = etymology
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sanas [ˈsanəs] = notice, sign, signal, warning, hint, cue, whisper
sanasach = warning, hinting
Manx (Gaelg) sannish = whisper, hint, allusion, suggestion
sansheraght = to whisper, annunciate, speak under breath, whispering
Proto-Brythonic *hanes = history, secret
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hanes = history, secret
Welsh (Cymraeg) hanes [ˈhanɛs/ˈhanas] = history, chronicle, tale, account, narrative, record, report, intelligence; secret, mystery, whisper, murmur
hanesaf / hanesu = to narrate/write history
hanesydd = historian, historiographer, chronicler
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanas = a low sound, whisper
Cornish (Kernewek) hanas = groan, murmur, sigh, whisper
hanasa = to groan, murmur, sigh, whisper

Etymology: uncertain [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Forks

Today we’re looking at words for fork, and related words, in Celtic languages.

A Fork In The Road

Proto-Celtic *gablā = fork
Gaulish gab(a)los = fork
Old Irish (Goídelc) gabul [ˈɡavul] = fork, branch, gallows, gibbet
Irish (Gaeilge) gabhal [ɡoːəl̪ˠ] = bifurcation, fork, crotch, junction
gabahlán = martin, fork
gabahlóg = fork, forked stick, forked implement
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gobahl [ɡoːəl̪ˠ] = bifurcation, fork, crotch, junction
gobahl-gleusaidh = tuning fork
gobahl-roinn = pair of compasses
gobahl-rathaid = road junction
Manx (Gaelg) goal = fork, branch, crotch, crutch, junction, perineum
goal twoaie = rainbow
Proto-Brythonic *gaβl [ˈɡaβl] =fork
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gafl, gauyl = fork
Welsh (Cymraeg) gafl [gafl] = fork, stride, lap, inner part of the thigh, groin, angle, nook
gaflach arrow, dart, lance, spear, javelin, sickle; fork, stride, hind-legs, groin
gaflachaf, gaflachu = to straddle, walk with the feet wide apart
gaflachog = armed with javelins or spears; astride, bandy-legged, furcated, forked
gaflaw = split open, cleft, forked, in two
gafliaf, gaflio = to straddle, place/sit with the legs wide apart
Cornish (Kernewek) gowl = crotch, fork
gowlek = forked
Old Breton gabl = fork
Breton (Brezhoneg) gaol = fork
gaoliek = forkful
gaoliañ = to mount, bestride, ride (a horse or bicycle)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (to grab, take) [source]. The English word gable comes from the Gaulish wood gab(a)los (fork), via the Old French gable [source].

Proto-Celtic *awsetlo- = (flesh-)fork
Old Irish (Goídelc) áel [ɯːl] = trident, meatfork, flesh-fork
Irish (Gaeilge) adhal = fork, trident
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) adhal [ɤ.əl̪ˠ] = flesh-hook, flesh fork
Manx (Gaelg) aall = table fork, fleshhook

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁ólos (awl) or *ēl- (awl, prong) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) forc [fork] = fork, pronged spear
Irish (Gaeilge) forc [fˠoɾˠk] = fork
forc éisc = fish fork
forc féir = hay-fork
forcáil = to fork
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) forca [ˈfɔr̪ˠxgə] = fork, cramp
forca-fheòir = hayfork
forca-spòlaidh = carving fork
Welsh (Cymraeg) fforc, fforch [fɔrk/fɔrχ]= (table) fork
fforc gig = carving-fork
fforc diwnio = tuning-fork
Cornish (Kernewek) forgh = fork
yn forgh = in fork (in good order = dry and work well – uesd in mining)
forghyes = forked
Breton (Brezhoneg) forc’h = fork
forc’had = gap, spread, distance
forc’hek = forked, bifurcated

Etymology: from the English fork, from the Middle English forke (fork, gallows), from the Old English forca (fork), from the Proto-West-Germanic *furkō (fork), from the Latin furca (fork). The Breton word comes directly from Latin [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Thunder

Words for thunder and related words in Celtic languages.

Thunder

Proto-Celtic *toranos = thunder
Gaulish *taranus = thunder
Tanaris / *Toranos / *Tonaros / *Tanaros = Celtic god of thunder.
Old Irish (Goídelc) torann = thunder
Irish (Gaeilge) torann [ˈt̪ˠɔɾˠən̪ˠ/ˈt̪ˠʌɾˠən̪ˠ] = noise, thunder, (tumult of) battle
toirneach [ˈt̪ˠoːɾˠn̠ʲəx/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠn̠ʲa(x)] = thunder, thunderclap
toirniúil = thundery, thundering, noisy
torannach / toranda = noisy
torannáil = (act of) making noise, rumbling
marbhthoirneach = subdued, distant thunder
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) torrann [tɔr̪ˠən̪ˠ] = loud murmur, rumble, thunder
torrunn [tɔr̪ˠən̪ˠ] = loud murmur, rumble, thunder
toireann [tɤrʲən̪ˠ] = thunder
tàirneach [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = thunder
tàirneanach [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲənəx] = thunder
torrann-sgòth = thundercloud
mòthar an tàirneanaich = the roar of thunder
Manx (Gaelg) taarnagh / taarnaghey = thunder, thundering
rooit haarnee = thunder-clap
bodjal taarnee = thunder cloud
frass taarnee = thunder shower
Proto-Brythonic *taran = thunder
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) taran = (peal of) thunder, thunderclap
Welsh (Cymraeg) taran [ˈtaran/ˈtaːran] = thunder, thunderclap, thunderbolt
taranau = thunder
taranu = to thunder, roar, fulminate, vociferate, cause/give forth thunder
taran(i)ad = thundering, clap of thunder, roar, loud noise like thunder
mellt a tharanau = thunder and lightning
Old Cornish taran = thunder
Cornish (Kernewek) taran = thunder
tarenna, taredna = to thunder
taran sonek = sonic boom
tardh taran = thunderclap
Old Breton taran = thunder
Breton (Brezhoneg) taran = thunder, thundering, flashes, growls, grumbling

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (to thunder) [source].

Words for thunder in Germanic languages come from the same PIE root, via the Proto-Germanic *þunraz (thunder, Germanic deity), including thunder in English, donder in Dutch, Donner in German, and torden in Norwegian, and also the Old Norse Þórr (Thor – god of thunder), from whom we get the word Thursday [source].

The English word tornado comes from the same PIE root, via the Spanish tronada (thunderstorm), from tronar (to thunder), from the Latin tonō (to thunder), from which we also get words for thunder in Romance languages [source].

The name of the River Tanaro in northwestern Italy comes from the Latin Tanarus, from the Gaulish *Tanaros [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Parts and Portions

Words for part, portion, piece, thing and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Puzzle pieces

Proto-Celtic *rannā = part
Old Irish (Goídelc) rann = part (of a whole)
randatu = the property of belonging to a part of speech
rannaid = to divide (into parts), to apportion
ranngabáil = participle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rann, rand, ran, rán = part, lot, portion, faction, alliance
Irish (Gaeilge) rann [ɾˠanˠ] = part, side (in dispute), partition
rannach = apportioning, sharing, open-handed
rannadóir = divider, sharer
rannán = division
rannóg = section
rannpháirt = participation, part, share
roinn = share, portion, distribution, dealing, trading, division
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rann [r̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = stanza, quatrain, verse, bond, deed, division, part, portion, section
rann-phàirt = participation, portion, participle
roinn [r̪ˠɤin̪ʲ / r̪ˠɤn̪ʲə] = dividing, partitioning, section, share, allotment, partition, department, division
roinneadair = divider, divisor, sorter
Manx (Gaelg) rheynn = divide, classify, distribute, dispense, share
fo-rheynn = section
so-rheynn = divisible
Proto-Brythonic *rrann = part
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rann = part
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhan [r̥an] = part (of something), portion, division, element, constituent, component
rhanadwy = divisible, dividend
rhanedig = shared (out), divided, parted, split, separate
rhannu = to divide, separate, part, divide
Old Cornish radn = part, portion
Cornish (Kernewek) radn = lot, part, portion, role, share
ranna = to share
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rannaff = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
Breton (Brezhoneg) rann [rãnː] = part, fraction, division, slot
rannañ [ˈrã.nːã] = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
ranned [ˈrã.nːet] = dividend
ranngalon [ʁɑ̃nˈɡɑːlɔ̃n] = deep sorrow, desolation, heartbreak
rann

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *per- (to sell) [source], which is also the root of such English words as depart, jeopardy, parcel, part, partition and portion [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis = piece, portion
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuit [kudʲ] = part, portion, share
cuit adaill, cuit adíll = a passing visit, a brief visit
cuitigid = to share, partake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuit = share, part, portion
cuit(gi)d = to share, partake, participate
Irish (Gaeilge) cuid [kɪdʲ] = part (of whole), share, portion, some,
cuideach = wealthy, prosperous
cuideachta = company, companionship, social amusement, fun
cuideachtaigh = to bring together, associate
cuideachtúil = companionable, sociable
cuideachtúlacht = sociableness
cuidí = component
cuidigh = to share, help, requite, repay (usually for misdeed), do for, do away with
cuiditheoir = helper, supporter, seconder
cuidiú = to help, assistance
cuidiúil = helpful, cocky, conceited
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuid [kudʲ] = portion, share, allotment, ration, effects, means, belongings, some (people), accommodation, victuals
cuid-eigin [kudʲegʲɪn] = someone, somebody
cuideachail [kudʲəxal] = helpful, constructive, subsidiary
cuideachair [kudʲəxɛrʲ] = auxiliary, helper
cuideachas [kudʲəxəs] = help, suppprt
cuideachd [kudʲəxg] = company, society, throng, troop; also, too, jointly, together
cuideachdadh [kudʲəxgəɣ] = accompanying
cuideag [kudʲag] = small portion / share
Manx (Gaelg) cooid = certain, some, stuff, assets, goods, helping, means, part, possessions, proportion, resources
cooidjagh = accompanying, jointly, together, inclusive
cooidjaghtagh = companion, companionable
Gaulish *pettiā, = (?)
Pictish *ᚚᚔᚈ (pit) = (a parcel of) land, a portion (?) – found in placenames like Pitlochry
Proto-Brythonic *peθ = part
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ped = thing, object
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) peth = thing, object
Welsh (Cymraeg) peth [peːθ] = thing, object, material, suff, substance, device, instrument, personal possessions, belongings, tools, equipment, something, anything
peth(eu)ach = (unimportant) things, trifles
pethdod = thingness, thinghood, reality, substantiality
petheiddio = to reify, make real or concrete
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) peth, pêth, peyth, pŷth = thing, something, article
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) pyth, peth [pɪːθ / pɛθ] = commodity, material, matter, possession, property, thing, that which, what, appliance
pyth ha da, peth ha da = possessions
pythek, pethek = concrete
pythow, pethow = belongings, wealth
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pez, pezz = piece, bit, part
Breton (Brezhoneg) pezh [peːs] = piece, bit, room, part, what
pezhiad = (big) piece, piece (of)
pezhig = (an) ugly piece

Etymology: unknown, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source [source]. Words from the same roots via Gaulish *pettyā and Latin pettia (piece, portion), include piece in English, pièce (room, patch, piece, play, document) in French, peza (piece, fragment, part) in Galician, pieze (piece, part) in Spanish, biisi (song) in Finnish, and ピース (pīsu – piece) in Japanese [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) písa, pissa = piece, fragment, coin
Irish (Gaeilge) piosa [ˈpʲiːsˠə] = piece, bit, patch, piece-work, literary or musical composition, coin
piosaáil = to piece together, patch
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pìos [piːs] = bit, piece, sandwich, piece, (musical) composition, hunk (person)
pìosach [piːsəx] = in pieces / fragments
pìosail [piːsal] = sexy, attractive
pìosan [piːsan] = small piece / bit
Manx (Gaelg) peesh = bit, cutting, patch, piece, length (of thread), parcel
Cornish (Kernewek) pis = piece

Etymology: from Middle English pece (piece, morsel, bit), from Anglo-Norman piece (piece, bit, part), from Late Latin petttia (piece, portion), from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (piece, portion) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *darnos, *darnā = piece, part
Old Irish (Goídelc) drécht [dʲrʲeːxt] = portion, part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drecht, drécht = part, portion, section; poem, literary composition
dréchtach = numerous; skilled in song or poetry
dréchtfaid = to divide up
Irish (Gaeilge) dréacht [dʲɾʲeːxt̪ˠ]= part, portion, draft, detachment, number; (literary) piece, composition; draft
dréachtach = composer, poet; skilled in/diligent at compostion
dréachtaigh = to draft
dréachtín = versicle, stanza
dréachtóir = drafter, draughtsman (of documents)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dreachd [drɛxg] = draft
dreachd-aithisge = draft report
dreachd-dhealbh = working drawing
Manx (Gaelg) draght, dreaght = draft
draghtey = to draw up
dreaght feeleeaght = a piece of poetry
Gaulish *darnā = piece
Proto-Brythonic *darn = piece (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) darn = piece, fragment, part
darnaw, darnio, darnu = to break or tear in pieces
Welsh (Cymraeg) darn [darn] = piece, fragment, part, coin, passage
darn(i), darnu = to break or tear in pieces
darn(i)edig = broken or torn to pieces
darniog = broken, shattered, fragmentary
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) darn = fragment, piece
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) darn = bit, fragment, part, piece
darnas = portion
Middle Breton (Brezonec) darn = fragment, part
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouet = torn to pieces, very tired, bored
Breton (Brezhoneg) darn [peːs] = fragment, part, some
darnan, darnañ = to fragment, chip, shorten
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouin = to break
darnek = partial

Etymology: from PIE *der- (to split, separate, tear, crack, shatter). The French word darne (steak, fillet) was borrowed from Breton darn (fragment, part, some). Words from the same PIE root include dermal, tear and tier in English, and tirar (to throw) in Spanish, zehren (to live on, feed on, undermine, wear out) in German, and драть [dratʲ] (to tear to pieces) in Russian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Bark and Beehives

Words for bark, beehives and related words in Celtic languages.

Beehives

Proto-Celtic *ruskos = bark, beehive
Gaulish rusca / ruskā = bark, beehive
Old Irish (Goídelc) rúsc [ruːsk] = (tree) bark, basket, covering
Irish (Gaeilge) rúsc [ɾˠuːsˠk] = (tree) bark, vessel made of bark
rúscach = bark-like; rough, wrinkled (skin)
rúscán = strip of bark, vessel made of bark, kind of seaweed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rùsg [r̪ˠuːsg] = (tree) bark, peel, rind, husk, crust, fleece
rùsg-caorach = sheep’s fleece
rùsg-abhaill = apple peel
rùsg na Talmhainn = crust of the Earth
rùsgan [r̪ˠuːsgan] = thin (tree) bark, thin peel/rind/husk, thin crust, small fleece, bark boat
rùsgach = fleecy
Manx (Gaelg) roost [ruːst] = peel, bark, rind
roostey = strip, peel, hull, rob, bare, rind, debunk, rifle, unbark, deprive, peeling, exposure
Proto-Brythonic *rrisk = bark
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) risgl, risg, rhisg, risc = bark
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhisg(l) [ˈr̥ɪsɡ(l)/ˈr̥ɪsɡɪ(l)] = (piece of) bark, rind, peel (of fruit) husk (of grain)
rhisg(l)ach = pieces of bark
rhisgen = (bark) dish or pan
rhisglen = (piece of) bark, rind; hackle, flax comb
rhisgl(i)af, rhisgaf, rhisgl(i)o, rhisgo = to bark, decorticate, peel (off), develop bark (on), encrust
rhisg(l)aidd = having bark or rind, corticate(d), covered with bark
Old Cornish rusc = bark
Middle Cornish risc = bark
Cornish (Kernewek) rusken = bark, peel
ruskek = rough-barked
Middle Breton rusquenn = beehive
Breton (Brezhoneg) rusk = bark, peel, zest
ruskek = rough, rugged, coarse
ruskenn = (bee)hive, apiary
ruskennad = beehive
ruskenner = beehive maker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (to dig up), possibly from *h₃er- (to move, stir) [source].

The French word ruche (beehive, ruffle, flounce) and the Catalan word rusc (beehive) come from the Gaulish root rusca, via the Late Latin rusca (bark), and the English word ruche (pleated fabric, ruff), and the German word Rüsche (ruffle, ruche) were borrowed from French [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Calling Words

Words for word, call, cry and related things in Celtic languages.

words is various languages
Word cloud created with WordItOut

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gāri = shout, call
*garyeti = to cry, shout
*gar(r)man- = cry, shout
*garyo- = word, command
*garyos = call, cry
Gaulish *Garomaros / Garo-marus = personal name
adgarion = accuser (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons
gairid [ˈɡarʲiðʲ] = to call, cry out, summon
adgair [aðˈɡarʲ] = to summon
congair [konˈɡarʲ] = to call, summon; invite
dogair = to call
Middle Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession
gairid = to call
Irish (Gaeilge) gáir [ɡɑːɾʲ/ɡæːɾʲ] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh
gáire = to laugh
gáieach = laughing, smiling
gáieachtach = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry
gairm [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = call, calling, acclaim
(an tuiseal) gairmeach = vocative (case)
gairmí = professional
gairmiúil = vocational, professional
slua gairm = slogan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) goir [gɤrʲ] = to call, cry, hoot, crow
gàir [gaːrʲ] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour
gàir nan tonn = the roar of the waves
gairm [ɡɤrʲɤm] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel
gairmeachadh = (act of) calling
gairm-choileach = cock-crow
gairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh = war-cry
sluagh-gairm = slogan
tuiseal gairmeach = vocative case
Manx (Gaelg) gerr = crow, shout
gerr chah = war cry
gerrym = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation
gerrymagh = vocative
gerrymoil = professional, vocational
gerrym caggee = battle cry, call up, war cry
gerrym chellee = cock crow
sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic *gėr [ɡe̝ːr] = word, speech
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) geir = word
gaur, gawr = shout, cry
garddu = groan
garym, garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garymleis, garamleis = scream, clamour
Welsh (Cymraeg) gair [ɡai̯r] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise
geiriad = wording, phraseology, phrase
geiriadaf, geiriadu = to word, phrase, express
geiriadur = dictionary
geiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura = to compile a dictionary
geiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar
geiriadurwr = lexicographer, dictionary-maker
geiriog = wordy, verbose
garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garmlais = scream, clamour
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) garm = a cry, shout, outcry
garme = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out
Cornish (Kernewek) ger [ɡɛːr/ɡeːr] = word, saying, report
gerdhal = dyslexic
gerdhalni = dyslexia
gerlyver = dictionary
garm = to shout, whoop, yell
garm argemynna = (advertising) slogan
garm vresel = battle cry
garm wormola = ovation
garma = to cry out, whoop, yell
garma yn lowen = to cheer
Old Breton gerent = word. say
Middle Breton guer = word
garm = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry
garmadeg, garmadenn = clamour
garmer = to cry, crying, brawler
garmiñ = to cry, bellow, yelp
Breton (Brezhoneg) ger [ɡeːr] = word
geriadur = dictionary
garm = cry, clamour, weeping

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (to shout, call) [source]. The English words garrulous (excessively talkative), care and charm (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *woxtlom = dispute
Old Irish (Goídelc) focul [ˈɸokul] = word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) focal, foc(c)ull, focla, facul = word, vocable, phrase, estimate, award, judgement, promise
Irish (Gaeilge) focal [ˈfˠɞkəl̪ˠ/ˈfˠɔkəlˠ] = word, phrase, remark, observation, saying, intelligence, message, promise, assurance
focalhbhá = ellipsis …
foclach = wordy, verbose
foclachas = wordiness, verbiage
focleolaí = philologist
focleolaíoch = philological
focleolaíocht = philology
foclóir = dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary
foclóireacht = lexicography
foclóireolaíocht/strong> = lexicology
foclóirí = lexicographer
foclóirín = word-list, vocabulary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) facal [faxgəl̪] = word, comment, remark
facal air an fhacal = word for word, literally, verbatim
facal-faire = password
facal-fhreumhail = etymology
facal-mùirne = an endearment
facal-toisich = introduction, preamble
Manx (Gaelg) fockle [ˈfɔːɡəl] = word, charm, vocable
focklagh = wordy, verbose, voluble, loquacious
focklaghys = wordiness, verbiage
fockleyr = dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus
fockleyragh = lexicographic
fockleyreen = vocabulary, wordbook
fockleyreyder = lexicographer
fockleyrys = lexicography
Proto-Brythonic *gwoɨθl = dispute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaethyl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethyl uann, gwaethyluann = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethyl gwyr = fighter, warrior
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwaethl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethlfan = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethlwr = fighter, warrior
gwaethl =

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from *wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include advocate, epic, vocal, voice, vouch and , vowel in English; gewagen (to report, notify) in Dutch; voce (voice, call, word) in Italian; and उक्ति (ukti – saying, expression) in Hindi [source].

Proto-Celtic *brētrā = word, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bríathar [ˈbʲrʲiːa̯θər] = word, speech, utterance, verb, discourse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bríathar, briathor = word, utterance, talk, saying, speech, discourse, blessing, prayer, curse, promise, vow, pledge, verb
bríathardae = wordy, verbal
bríatharach = wordy, verbose
bríathad = act of speaking
bríatharaigid = to speak, pronounce
Irish (Gaeilge) briathar [ˈbʲɾʲiəhəɾˠ / ˈbʲɾʲiːhəɾˠ] = word, verb
briathartha = verbal
briathrach = wordy, verbose
briathrachas = wordiness, verbosity
briathraíocht = diction
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) briathar [brʲiəhər] = word, term
briathrail [brʲiəral] = loquacious, talkative, wordy, verbose
briathrach [brʲiərəx] = talkative, loquacious, wordy, verbose
Manx (Gaelg) breear = verb
breearagh = verbal
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brwyder, brwydyr = battle
brwydraw = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydyrdaer = resolute in battle, fighting with all one’s might
brwytyrgar, brwydyrgar = delighting in fighting, eager for battle, bellicose
brwydryar = tumult of battle, battle-cry
brwydr-wr = fighter, warrior, combatant
Welsh (Cymraeg) brwydr [ˈbrʊɨ̯dr / ˈbrʊi̯dr] = pitched battle, conflict, attack, campaign, struggle, bother, dispute, controversy, host, army
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydro = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrwr = fighter, warrior, combatant

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (to strike, pierce) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include boren (to) bore in English, (to drill) in Dutch, and foràre (to pierce, puncture) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *galw-o- = call
Old Irish (Goídelc) gláed = shout, loud call
gláedach = noisy, blustering, adjective
gláedid = to cry out, name; verb
gláedem = wolf
glegrach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gláed, glaid = shout, loud call
gláedach = calling, crying out, shouting, noisy, blustering
gláedid = to cry out, to name
glegrach = noisy, resounding, clamorous
Irish (Gaeilge) glao [ɡl̪ˠeː/ɡlˠiː] = call, shout
glaoch = calling, to call
glaoigh = to call, cry out, shout
glaoiteach = calling, vociferous
glaomaire = loud-mouthing, vociferous, boastful person
glaomaireacht = shouting, bragging, boastfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glaodh [gl̪ˠɯː] = cry, shout, yell, proclamation
glaodhach [gl̪ˠɯː.əx] = crying, shouting, yelling
glaodhaire [gl̪ˠɯː.ɪrʲə] = crier, loudspeaker
glaodhar [gl̪ˠɯː.ər] = noise, rattling, clang, clash
glaodhte = cried, shouted, yelled
Manx (Gaelg) gyllagh = calling, crying
gyllaghey = to cry, roar, shout
Proto-Brythonic *gėlwɨd = to call
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galw = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
gelwi, galw, galwaf = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwedic, galwedig = called, named, summoned
galwedigaeth, galwedygaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
Welsh (Cymraeg) galw [ˈɡalu / ˈɡaːlu] = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
galwad = a calling, call, shout, sounding
galwaf, galw, gelwain = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwdig = called, named, summoned
galwdigaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
galwdigaethol = vocational, occupational, professional
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galow = a call, invitation
gelwel, gylwel = to call (for), invoke, name
Cornish (Kernewek) galow = appeal, call, calling, invitation, vocation
galwansek = vocational
galwen = call
galwesigeth = calling, profession, vocation
galwesik = professional
gelwel = to call, appeal, invite, summon
Old Breton (Brethonoc) galu = appeal, summons
Middle Breton (Brezonec) galu = appeal, summons
gueruell, gueluer = to call, summon
Breton (Brezhoneg) galv [ˈɡalw/ˈɡalɥ/ˈɡalf] = appeal, summons
galvedigezh [ɡalveˈdiːɡɛs] = vocation, calling
galvel, galven, galver, gervel = to call, summon

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gal(o)s- (voice, cry). The English word call comes from the same PIE root, as do galsas (sound, echo) in Lithuanian, голос [ˈɡoɫəs] (voice, word, remark, vote) in Russian, hlas (voice, vote) in Czech, and gallo (rooter, cockerel) in Spanish [Source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Ditches and Trenches

Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages.

irrigation_ditch

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *klado- = to dig, bury
*klādos = trench
*kladeti = to dig, thrust
*kladyā = digging
Gaulish Vindo-cladia = place name
Old Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad = ditch, dyke
claide [ˈkla.ðʲe] = to dig
con·claid = to dig, excavate
do·claid = to dig up, uproot
claidid = to dig
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad, clod = hole dug in the ground, trench
claide = digging, trenching, ditch, trench, excavation
claidid = to dig, excavate, undermine
clas = ditch, trench, furrow, pit, cooking-pit, burning-pit, grave
Irish (Gaeilge) cladh = ditch, trench (literary)
cladhach = ridged, furrowed
cladhaire = ditcher
claidh = to dig (a trench), build (a dike)
clais [klˠæʃ] = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, deep cut, gash, put, trough, soft mass, large quantity
clasach = channelled, trenched, grooved, gashed
clasaigh = to channel, trench, gash, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cladh [kl̪ˠɤɣ] = burial ground, cemetry, graveyard, ditch
cladhach [kl̪ɤ.əx] = digging, dig, excavation
clais [kl̪ˠaʃ] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench
claiseach [kl̪ˠaʃəx] = furrowed, grooved, fluted, abounding in trenches/ditches
claisean [kl̪ˠaʃan] = small furrow, small groove, small ditch, drain
claisearachd [kl̪ˠaʃərəxg] = ditching, act of digging a ditch
clais-mhòr = gorge
Manx (Gaelg) clash = channel, cleft, gorge, hollow, furrow, trench, sewer
clashal = to trench
clashag = furrowed, grooved
Proto-Brythonic *klėðɨd [kle̝ˈðɨːd] = to dig, thrust
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clad, clat = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
cladedic, kladdedig = buried, interred, dug up
cladedigaeth, klydigeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
cladu, kladu, kladdy, cladv = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow
cleis, clais = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
Welsh (Cymraeg) cladd = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
claddedig = buried, interred, dug up
claddedigaeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
claddu [ˈklaðɨ̞/ˈklaːði] = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow, stab, pierce
clais [klai̯s/klai̯ʃ] = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
clawdd [ˈklaːu̯ð/ˈklau̯ð] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse
cloddio = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate
clodd(i)wr, clawddwr = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator
mwyn i’r clawdd to be unsuccessful, fail (“to go to the ditch/wall”)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledh, clêdh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence
cladhva = a burying place
ancledhy = to bury, inter
ancledhyas, anclydhyas, encledhyes = burial, funeral
Cornish (Kernewek) kleudh = ditch
kleudhik = groove
kleudhya = to dig a trench, ditch, excavate
ynkleudhva = cemetry, graveyard
ynkleudhyans = burial, funeral
ynkleudhyas = to bury, inter
ynkleudhyer / ynkleudhyores = funeral director, undertaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc) clud = hollow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creux, cleus, cleuz = hollow, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleuz [kløː(s)] = hollow, slope, earth embankment, fence (of earth), hedge (of thorns, etc)
kleuziad
kleuz(i)añ [ˈkløː.z(i)ã] = to dig
kleuzier

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh- (to beat, break) [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) díog = ditch, trench, drain
díogach = trenched, having trenches
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìg [dʲiːg] = ditch, dyke, drain
Manx (Gaelg) jeeg = ditch, gutter, moat, trench
jeeig = conduit, cut, ditch, drain, gully, put, trench, waterway, sewer
jeeigagh = ditched
jeeigit = ditched, drained

Etymology: unknown.

Irish (Gaeilge) fos = prop, buttress, wall
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fos [fɔs] = ditch, wall, buttress (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) fos, foss = ditch, dike
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffos [fɔs] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit
ffos(i)af, ffosi(o) = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer
ffosedig = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined
ffos gaeedig = drain
ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd = roadside ditch
ffos ddyfrio conduit
ffos melin, ffos y felin = mill-race
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fos = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall
Cornish (Kernewek) fos = wall
paper fos = wallpaper
toll y’n fos = cash dispenser, ATM (“hole in the wall”)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) fos, foss, fôs = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed
Breton (Brezhoneg) foz = ditch, gap, sand trap
foz disac’hañ = rift (valley), collapsed ditch
foz-kronniañ = holding tank, retention pit

Etymology: from the Latin fossa (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from fossa terra (dug-up earth) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷantyos = flat hill, valley
Old Irish (Goídelc) céite = hill, mound, race-course, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) céide, céite = hill, mound, eminence, open space
Irish (Gaeilge) céide [ˈlʲɛtʲəɾʲ/ˈl̠ʲɛtʲəɾʲ] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cèide = market, fair, green, hillock
Pictish ᚘᚐᚅᚈ = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pant = hollow, depression, valley, dent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pant [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent
pant (y) llaw = palm of the hand
pant a thalar = hilla and dale, everywhere
pantiad = hollow, depression
pant(i)af, pantio, pantu = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle)
pant(i)og = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave
pantir = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland
pantlawr = uneven/concave floor
pantlle = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows
Cornish (Kernewek) pans = dell, dingle, hollow
Old Breton pantet = curved, curve
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pant = curved, curve, bend
Breton (Brezhoneg) pant = slope, hillside

Etymology: possibly from the PIE *kwem-t (hill)

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic