Bark and Beehives

Words for bark, beehives and related words in Celtic languages.

Beehives

Proto-Celtic *ruskos = bark, beehive
Gaulish rusca / ruskā = bark, beehive
Old Irish (Goídelc) rúsc [ruːsk] = (tree) bark, basket, covering
Irish (Gaeilge) rúsc [ɾˠuːsˠk] = (tree) bark, vessel made of bark
rúscach = bark-like; rough, wrinkled (skin)
rúscán = strip of bark, vessel made of bark, kind of seaweed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rùsg [r̪ˠuːsg] = (tree) bark, peel, rind, husk, crust, fleece
rùsg-caorach = sheep’s fleece
rùsg-abhaill = apple peel
rùsg na Talmhainn = crust of the Earth
rùsgan [r̪ˠuːsgan] = thin (tree) bark, thin peel/rind/husk, thin crust, small fleece, bark boat
rùsgach = fleecy
Manx (Gaelg) roost [ruːst] = peel, bark, rind
roostey = strip, peel, hull, rob, bare, rind, debunk, rifle, unbark, deprive, peeling, exposure
Proto-Brythonic *rrisk = bark
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) risgl, risg, rhisg, risc = bark
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhisg(l) [ˈr̥ɪsɡ(l)/ˈr̥ɪsɡɪ(l)] = (piece of) bark, rind, peel (of fruit) husk (of grain)
rhisg(l)ach = pieces of bark
rhisgen = (bark) dish or pan
rhisglen = (piece of) bark, rind; hackle, flax comb
rhisgl(i)af, rhisgaf, rhisgl(i)o, rhisgo = to bark, decorticate, peel (off), develop bark (on), encrust
rhisg(l)aidd = having bark or rind, corticate(d), covered with bark
Old Cornish rusc = bark
Middle Cornish risc = bark
Cornish (Kernewek) rusken = bark, peel
ruskek = rough-barked
Middle Breton rusquenn = beehive
Breton (Brezhoneg) rusk = bark, peel, zest
ruskek = rough, rugged, coarse
ruskenn = (bee)hive, apiary
ruskennad = beehive
ruskenner = beehive maker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (to dig up), possibly from *h₃er- (to move, stir) [source].

The French word ruche (beehive, ruffle, flounce) and the Catalan word rusc (beehive) come from the Gaulish root rusca, via the Late Latin rusca (bark), and the English word ruche (pleated fabric, ruff), and the German word Rüsche (ruffle, ruche) were borrowed from French [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Calling Words

Words for word, call, cry and related things in Celtic languages.

words is various languages
Word cloud created with WordItOut

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gāri = shout, call
*garyeti = to cry, shout
*gar(r)man- = cry, shout
*garyo- = word, command
*garyos = call, cry
Gaulish *Garomaros / Garo-marus = personal name
adgarion = accuser (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons
gairid [ˈɡarʲiðʲ] = to call, cry out, summon
adgair [aðˈɡarʲ] = to summon
congair [konˈɡarʲ] = to call, summon; invite
dogair = to call
Middle Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession
gairid = to call
Irish (Gaeilge) gáir [ɡɑːɾʲ/ɡæːɾʲ] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh
gáire = to laugh
gáieach = laughing, smiling
gáieachtach = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry
gairm [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = call, calling, acclaim
(an tuiseal) gairmeach = vocative (case)
gairmí = professional
gairmiúil = vocational, professional
slua gairm = slogan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) goir [gɤrʲ] = to call, cry, hoot, crow
gàir [gaːrʲ] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour
gàir nan tonn = the roar of the waves
gairm [ɡɤrʲɤm] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel
gairmeachadh = (act of) calling
gairm-choileach = cock-crow
gairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh = war-cry
sluagh-gairm = slogan
tuiseal gairmeach = vocative case
Manx (Gaelg) gerr = crow, shout
gerr chah = war cry
gerrym = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation
gerrymagh = vocative
gerrymoil = professional, vocational
gerrym caggee = battle cry, call up, war cry
gerrym chellee = cock crow
sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic *gėr [ɡe̝ːr] = word, speech
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) geir = word
gaur, gawr = shout, cry
garddu = groan
garym, garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garymleis, garamleis = scream, clamour
Welsh (Cymraeg) gair [ɡai̯r] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise
geiriad = wording, phraseology, phrase
geiriadaf, geiriadu = to word, phrase, express
geiriadur = dictionary
geiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura = to compile a dictionary
geiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar
geiriadurwr = lexicographer, dictionary-maker
geiriog = wordy, verbose
garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garmlais = scream, clamour
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) garm = a cry, shout, outcry
garme = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out
Cornish (Kernewek) ger [ɡɛːr/ɡeːr] = word, saying, report
gerdhal = dyslexic
gerdhalni = dyslexia
gerlyver = dictionary
garm = to shout, whoop, yell
garm argemynna = (advertising) slogan
garm vresel = battle cry
garm wormola = ovation
garma = to cry out, whoop, yell
garma yn lowen = to cheer
Old Breton gerent = word. say
Middle Breton guer = word
garm = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry
garmadeg, garmadenn = clamour
garmer = to cry, crying, brawler
garmiñ = to cry, bellow, yelp
Breton (Brezhoneg) ger [ɡeːr] = word
geriadur = dictionary
garm = cry, clamour, weeping

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (to shout, call) [source]. The English words garrulous (excessively talkative), care and charm (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *woxtlom = dispute
Old Irish (Goídelc) focul [ˈɸokul] = word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) focal, foc(c)ull, focla, facul = word, vocable, phrase, estimate, award, judgement, promise
Irish (Gaeilge) focal [ˈfˠɞkəl̪ˠ/ˈfˠɔkəlˠ] = word, phrase, remark, observation, saying, intelligence, message, promise, assurance
focalhbhá = ellipsis …
foclach = wordy, verbose
foclachas = wordiness, verbiage
focleolaí = philologist
focleolaíoch = philological
focleolaíocht = philology
foclóir = dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary
foclóireacht = lexicography
foclóireolaíocht/strong> = lexicology
foclóirí = lexicographer
foclóirín = word-list, vocabulary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) facal [faxgəl̪] = word, comment, remark
facal air an fhacal = word for word, literally, verbatim
facal-faire = password
facal-fhreumhail = etymology
facal-mùirne = an endearment
facal-toisich = introduction, preamble
Manx (Gaelg) fockle [ˈfɔːɡəl] = word, charm, vocable
focklagh = wordy, verbose, voluble, loquacious
focklaghys = wordiness, verbiage
fockleyr = dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus
fockleyragh = lexicographic
fockleyreen = vocabulary, wordbook
fockleyreyder = lexicographer
fockleyrys = lexicography
Proto-Brythonic *gwoɨθl = dispute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaethyl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethyl uann, gwaethyluann = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethyl gwyr = fighter, warrior
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwaethl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethlfan = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethlwr = fighter, warrior
gwaethl =

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from *wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include advocate, epic, vocal, voice, vouch and , vowel in English; gewagen (to report, notify) in Dutch; voce (voice, call, word) in Italian; and उक्ति (ukti – saying, expression) in Hindi [source].

Proto-Celtic *brētrā = word, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bríathar [ˈbʲrʲiːa̯θər] = word, speech, utterance, verb, discourse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bríathar, briathor = word, utterance, talk, saying, speech, discourse, blessing, prayer, curse, promise, vow, pledge, verb
bríathardae = wordy, verbal
bríatharach = wordy, verbose
bríathad = act of speaking
bríatharaigid = to speak, pronounce
Irish (Gaeilge) briathar [ˈbʲɾʲiəhəɾˠ / ˈbʲɾʲiːhəɾˠ] = word, verb
briathartha = verbal
briathrach = wordy, verbose
briathrachas = wordiness, verbosity
briathraíocht = diction
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) briathar [brʲiəhər] = word, term
briathrail [brʲiəral] = loquacious, talkative, wordy, verbose
briathrach [brʲiərəx] = talkative, loquacious, wordy, verbose
Manx (Gaelg) breear = verb
breearagh = verbal
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brwyder, brwydyr = battle
brwydraw = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydyrdaer = resolute in battle, fighting with all one’s might
brwytyrgar, brwydyrgar = delighting in fighting, eager for battle, bellicose
brwydryar = tumult of battle, battle-cry
brwydr-wr = fighter, warrior, combatant
Welsh (Cymraeg) brwydr [ˈbrʊɨ̯dr / ˈbrʊi̯dr] = pitched battle, conflict, attack, campaign, struggle, bother, dispute, controversy, host, army
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydro = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrwr = fighter, warrior, combatant

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (to strike, pierce) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include boren (to) bore in English, (to drill) in Dutch, and foràre (to pierce, puncture) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *galw-o- = call
Old Irish (Goídelc) gláed = shout, loud call
gláedach = noisy, blustering, adjective
gláedid = to cry out, name; verb
gláedem = wolf
glegrach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gláed, glaid = shout, loud call
gláedach = calling, crying out, shouting, noisy, blustering
gláedid = to cry out, to name
glegrach = noisy, resounding, clamorous
Irish (Gaeilge) glao [ɡl̪ˠeː/ɡlˠiː] = call, shout
glaoch = calling, to call
glaoigh = to call, cry out, shout
glaoiteach = calling, vociferous
glaomaire = loud-mouthing, vociferous, boastful person
glaomaireacht = shouting, bragging, boastfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glaodh [gl̪ˠɯː] = cry, shout, yell, proclamation
glaodhach [gl̪ˠɯː.əx] = crying, shouting, yelling
glaodhaire [gl̪ˠɯː.ɪrʲə] = crier, loudspeaker
glaodhar [gl̪ˠɯː.ər] = noise, rattling, clang, clash
glaodhte = cried, shouted, yelled
Manx (Gaelg) gyllagh = calling, crying
gyllaghey = to cry, roar, shout
Proto-Brythonic *gėlwɨd = to call
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galw = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
gelwi, galw, galwaf = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwedic, galwedig = called, named, summoned
galwedigaeth, galwedygaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
Welsh (Cymraeg) galw [ˈɡalu / ˈɡaːlu] = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
galwad = a calling, call, shout, sounding
galwaf, galw, gelwain = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwdig = called, named, summoned
galwdigaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
galwdigaethol = vocational, occupational, professional
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galow = a call, invitation
gelwel, gylwel = to call (for), invoke, name
Cornish (Kernewek) galow = appeal, call, calling, invitation, vocation
galwansek = vocational
galwen = call
galwesigeth = calling, profession, vocation
galwesik = professional
gelwel = to call, appeal, invite, summon
Old Breton (Brethonoc) galu = appeal, summons
Middle Breton (Brezonec) galu = appeal, summons
gueruell, gueluer = to call, summon
Breton (Brezhoneg) galv [ˈɡalw/ˈɡalɥ/ˈɡalf] = appeal, summons
galvedigezh [ɡalveˈdiːɡɛs] = vocation, calling
galvel, galven, galver, gervel = to call, summon

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gal(o)s- (voice, cry). The English word call comes from the same PIE root, as do galsas (sound, echo) in Lithuanian, голос [ˈɡoɫəs] (voice, word, remark, vote) in Russian, hlas (voice, vote) in Czech, and gallo (rooter, cockerel) in Spanish [Source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Ditches and Trenches

Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages.

irrigation_ditch

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *klado- = to dig, bury
*klādos = trench
*kladeti = to dig, thrust
*kladyā = digging
Gaulish Vindo-cladia = place name
Old Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad = ditch, dyke
claide [ˈkla.ðʲe] = to dig
con·claid = to dig, excavate
do·claid = to dig up, uproot
claidid = to dig
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad, clod = hole dug in the ground, trench
claide = digging, trenching, ditch, trench, excavation
claidid = to dig, excavate, undermine
clas = ditch, trench, furrow, pit, cooking-pit, burning-pit, grave
Irish (Gaeilge) cladh = ditch, trench (literary)
cladhach = ridged, furrowed
cladhaire = ditcher
claidh = to dig (a trench), build (a dike)
clais [klˠæʃ] = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, deep cut, gash, put, trough, soft mass, large quantity
clasach = channelled, trenched, grooved, gashed
clasaigh = to channel, trench, gash, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cladh [kl̪ˠɤɣ] = burial ground, cemetry, graveyard, ditch
cladhach [kl̪ɤ.əx] = digging, dig, excavation
clais [kl̪ˠaʃ] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench
claiseach [kl̪ˠaʃəx] = furrowed, grooved, fluted, abounding in trenches/ditches
claisean [kl̪ˠaʃan] = small furrow, small groove, small ditch, drain
claisearachd [kl̪ˠaʃərəxg] = ditching, act of digging a ditch
clais-mhòr = gorge
Manx (Gaelg) clash = channel, cleft, gorge, hollow, furrow, trench, sewer
clashal = to trench
clashag = furrowed, grooved
Proto-Brythonic *klėðɨd [kle̝ˈðɨːd] = to dig, thrust
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clad, clat = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
cladedic, kladdedig = buried, interred, dug up
cladedigaeth, klydigeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
cladu, kladu, kladdy, cladv = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow
cleis, clais = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
Welsh (Cymraeg) cladd = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
claddedig = buried, interred, dug up
claddedigaeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
claddu [ˈklaðɨ̞/ˈklaːði] = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow, stab, pierce
clais [klai̯s/klai̯ʃ] = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
clawdd [ˈklaːu̯ð/ˈklau̯ð] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse
cloddio = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate
clodd(i)wr, clawddwr = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator
mwyn i’r clawdd to be unsuccessful, fail (“to go to the ditch/wall”)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledh, clêdh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence
cladhva = a burying place
ancledhy = to bury, inter
ancledhyas, anclydhyas, encledhyes = burial, funeral
Cornish (Kernewek) kleudh = ditch
kleudhik = groove
kleudhya = to dig a trench, ditch, excavate
ynkleudhva = cemetry, graveyard
ynkleudhyans = burial, funeral
ynkleudhyas = to bury, inter
ynkleudhyer / ynkleudhyores = funeral director, undertaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc) clud = hollow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creux, cleus, cleuz = hollow, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleuz [kløː(s)] = hollow, slope, earth embankment, fence (of earth), hedge (of thorns, etc)
kleuziad
kleuz(i)añ [ˈkløː.z(i)ã] = to dig
kleuzier

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh- (to beat, break) [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) díog = ditch, trench, drain
díogach = trenched, having trenches
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìg [dʲiːg] = ditch, dyke, drain
Manx (Gaelg) jeeg = ditch, gutter, moat, trench
jeeig = conduit, cut, ditch, drain, gully, put, trench, waterway, sewer
jeeigagh = ditched
jeeigit = ditched, drained

Etymology: unknown.

Irish (Gaeilge) fos = prop, buttress, wall
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fos [fɔs] = ditch, wall, buttress (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) fos, foss = ditch, dike
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffos [fɔs] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit
ffos(i)af, ffosi(o) = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer
ffosedig = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined
ffos gaeedig = drain
ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd = roadside ditch
ffos ddyfrio conduit
ffos melin, ffos y felin = mill-race
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fos = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall
Cornish (Kernewek) fos = wall
paper fos = wallpaper
toll y’n fos = cash dispenser, ATM (“hole in the wall”)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) fos, foss, fôs = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed
Breton (Brezhoneg) foz = ditch, gap, sand trap
foz disac’hañ = rift (valley), collapsed ditch
foz-kronniañ = holding tank, retention pit

Etymology: from the Latin fossa (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from fossa terra (dug-up earth) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷantyos = flat hill, valley
Old Irish (Goídelc) céite = hill, mound, race-course, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) céide, céite = hill, mound, eminence, open space
Irish (Gaeilge) céide [ˈlʲɛtʲəɾʲ/ˈl̠ʲɛtʲəɾʲ] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cèide = market, fair, green, hillock
Pictish ᚘᚐᚅᚈ = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pant = hollow, depression, valley, dent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pant [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent
pant (y) llaw = palm of the hand
pant a thalar = hilla and dale, everywhere
pantiad = hollow, depression
pant(i)af, pantio, pantu = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle)
pant(i)og = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave
pantir = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland
pantlawr = uneven/concave floor
pantlle = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows
Cornish (Kernewek) pans = dell, dingle, hollow
Old Breton pantet = curved, curve
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pant = curved, curve, bend
Breton (Brezhoneg) pant = slope, hillside

Etymology: possibly from the PIE *kwem-t (hill)

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Courts and Forts

Words for courts, forts and related words in Celtic languages.

Lismore Castle

Old Irish (Goídelc) les [lʲesʲ] = the space about a house enclosed by a bank or rampart, farmyard, courtyard; settlement, city; palisade, stockade, rampart; ringfort, circular earthwork
Irish (Gaeilge) lios [l̠ʲɪsˠ/l̠ʲʊsˠ] = enclosed ground of a (ancient) dwelling-house, enclosed space, garth; ringfort; fairy mound; ring, halo
liosachán = fairy fort, fairy mound
urlios = forecourt, front enclosure
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lios [l̪ʲis] = garden, yard
cùirt-lios = (court)yard
fion-lios = vineyard
lios-àraich = (plant) nursery
lios-càil = kaleyard, vegetable garden
lios-mheas = orchard
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llis, llys = court, palace, manor house, hall
Welsh (Cymraeg) llys [ɬɨːs/ɬiːs] = court (of law), palace, manor house, hall, imposing building, habitation of king, prince, nobleman; courtyard, enclosed space
Llys Bach y Dosbarth = Magistrates’ Court
llys sirol = county court
llys trosedd(au) / troseddol = criminal court
Llys y Goron = Crown Court
Cornish (Kernewek) lys = court
breuslys = court of law
lyskanasedh = diplomacy
lyskanasek = diplomatic
lyskannas = diplomat
Middle Breton les = court
Breton (Brezhoneg) lez = court
lez-vrezel = council of war
lez kastizel = criminal court
Lez veur = High Court
lez-varn = tribunal, court

Etymology: unknown

The Irish and Scottish Gaelic words are mainly used in place names, such as Lios Dúin Bhearna (Lisdoonvarna) and Lios Tuathail (Listowel) in Ireland, and Lios Mòr (Lismore) in Scotland.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Beaches and Shores

Words for beaches, shores and related things in Celtic languages.

Traeth Llanddwyn / Newborough beach

Proto-Celtic *trāgi- = beach, low tide
Old Irish (Goídelc) tráig = strand, shore, ebb tide
tráigid = to ebb
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tráigid = to ebb, recede
Irish (Gaeilge) trá [t̪ˠɾˠɔːɟ/t̪ˠɾˠɔː/t̪ˠɾˠæːj] = beach, strand, seashore, low water
leath-thrá = half-ebb (tide)
trábhaile = town(land) along strand, seaside resort
urtrá = foreshore
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tràigh [traːj] = (sandy) beach, strand, shore, (sandy) riverbank; low tide
muir-tràigh = low tide, low-water
tràigh-ghainmhich = sandy beach
tràigh-mhaoraich = beach where shellfish can be found
tràigh reothairt = spring (ebb) tide
Manx (Gaelg) traie [trɛi/trai] = beach, shore, sandy seashore, strand, neap tide
bayr traie = seafront
er-traie = ashore
traie gheinnee = sands, sandy shore
traie laaee / laaghey = mud flat
traie sluggee = quicksand
Proto-Brythonic *tragio = ebb
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) trei = ebb
Welsh (Cymraeg) trai = ebb tide, a draining
treio = to ebb, fall, drain, recede, retreat, diminish, reduce, ease, abate
trai a llanw = ebb and flow
ar drai = on the ebb
distyll trai = the low(est) ebb, low-water mark
Cornish (Kernewek) trig = low tide
Old Breton tre = ebb (tide)
Middle Breton tré, tref = ebb (tide)
Breton (Brezhoneg) tre, trec’h = ebb, backward surge

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land) [source], from trahō (I drag, extract) from the Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (to drag, pull) [source]

Proto-Celtic *traxtus = shore
Old Irish (Goídelc) tracht = strand, shore
Irish (Gaeilge) trácht = strand, beach (literary)
Proto-Brythonic *traɨθ = beach, sand
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) traeth = beach
Welsh (Cymraeg) traeth [traːɨ̯θ/trai̯θ/traːθ] = beach, (sea)shore, strand, coast, estuary, region, area
traeth awyr = cirrocumulus, mackerel sky
traeth byw / gwyllt / sugn = quicksand
traethwr = seaman, sailor
Old Cornish trait = beach
Middle Cornish traith, treath = beach
Cornish (Kernewek) treth = beach, sand, seashore
trethek = sandy
trethor = ferryman
trethvor = Riviera, seaside
Middle Breton traez = sand
Breton (Brezhoneg) traezh [tʁɛs] = sand, beach
traezhenn (sandy) beach
traezherez = sandy, sandblaster, sand speader, gritter

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land), either directly, or via the Proto-Celtic *traxtus (shore) [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Headlands and Promontories

Words for headlands, promontories and related things in Celtic languages.

Trá na nglór, Muckross

Proto-Celtic *ɸrossos/*frosto- = height, elevated land, (wooded) hill
Old Irish (Goídelc) ros = wood, height
Irish (Gaeilge) ros [ɾˠɔsˠ] = wood, (wooded) headland, promontory
rosach = wooded, promontoried
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ros [r̪ˠɔs] = peninsula, promontory, wood, forest
rosach = pertaining to or abounding in peninsulas/promontories; wooded, forested
ros-eilean = wooded/forested island
frith-eilean rosach = wooded islet
Manx (Gaelg) ros = wood
ros-cheyll = spinney
Proto-Brythonic *rros = moor, heath
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ros = moor, heath
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhos [r̥oːs] = (upland) moor, heath(land), down, meadow on high land, marshland, plain, wilderness, desert
rhostir = moor(land), heath, marshland, plain, savannah, prairie, wilderness, desert
Cornish (Kernewek) ros [ˈɹoːz] = hill-spur, moor, promontory
Middle Breton ros = hillside, moor
Breton (Brezhoneg) roz = hillside, moor

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *prosth₂os (protruding), from *pro- (before) and *steh₂- (to stand) [source].

These words appear mainly in place names, such as Ros Comáin (Roscommon) and An Ros Mór (Rossmore) in Ireland, Ros an Iar (Wester Ross) in Scotland, and Penrhos in Wales and England.

Porth Penrhyn a Bae Hireal

Proto-Celtic *rendi- = point, peak
Old Irish (Goídelc) rind = point, peak
Irish (Gaeilge) rinn = point, tip; top, apex; point of land, cape, promontory; pointed weapon, sharp-pointed instrument; last word of a verse-line
rinneach = pointed, sharp, keen, biting
rinnghéar = sharp-pointed
rinnstua = pointed arch, ogive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rinn [r̪ˠiːn̪ʲ] = headland, promontory; acumen; apex, vortex, point
rinneach = pointed; pertaining to a headland, promontory
rinn snàthaid = point of a needle
Manx (Gaelg) rinn = hook, rinn, ridge, foreland, point of a weapon
rinn chorrylagh = coral reef
rinn ughtee = bluff
rinn yiarg = red-hot poker
Yn Rinn Vooar = Great Barrier Reef
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rin, rynn = cape, promontory, hill, tump
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhyn = cape, promontory, hill, tump;
rigid, stiff, unyielding, steadfast, brave; turbulent, rough, fierce, threatening, terrible; cold, chilly, shivery
penrhyn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula, isthmus
Cornish (Kernewek) rynn [ɹɪn] = cape, promontory, headland
pennrynn, penryn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula, isthmus
Breton (Brezhoneg) rinn = cape, promontory, headland

Etymology: unknown [source]

It is not known whether the Irish word rinn (star, planet, heavenly body) comes from root.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Islands

Words for islands and related things in Celtic languages.

South Stack / Ynys Lawd

Proto-Celtic *enistī = island
Old Irish (Goídelc) inis = island
Irish (Gaeilge) inis [ˈɪnʲɪʃ] = island
leithinis = peninsula
Inse Ghall = the Hebrides
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) innis [ĩːʃ] = haugh; grazing (land); island (archaic)
innis-bhó = cattle pasture
Innis Fàil = Ireland (poetic)
Innis nan Òg = Isle of the Young/Youth, Tìr nan Òg (in mythology)
leth-innis = peninsula
Manx (Gaelg) innis, innys, insh = island, iselet
insheen = iselet
innysagh = insular
innysaght = insularity
mooirinshyn = archipelago
lieh-innys = peninsula
Proto-Brythonic *ɨnɨs [ɨˈnˑɨs] = island
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ynys, enys, inys = island
enys Auallach = the island of Avalon
ynys y kedeirn / Enys Wen = Island of Britain
Welsh (Cymraeg) ynys [ˈənɨ̞s/ˈənɪs] = island, isle; (the) Western Isles; kingdom, realm, land, province. region, area, river-meadow
Ynys Afallach/Afallon = the island of Avalon
Ynys y Cedryn / yr Ynys Wen = Island of Britain (“Island of the Mighty Ones” / “the White Island”)
ynys draffig = traffic island
ynysaf, ynysu = to isolate, insulate
ynysedig = isolated, insulated
ynysfor = archipelago
ynysiad = isolation, insulation
ynysig = islet, small island
ynysog = insular, insulated, archipelagic
ynyswr = islander
Cornish (Kernewek) enys = island
enesek = archipelago
enesik = islet
enesega = to insulate
enyshe = to isolate
enyshes = isolated
Old Breton inis = island
Middle Breton enes = island
Breton (Brezhoneg) enez [ˈẽː.nes] = island
enezig / enezennig = small island, islet; block (of buildings), patch (of ground)
enezeg = archipelago
enezennet = enclosed

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁eni-sth₂-ih₂ (“that which stands in (the water)”) from *(h₁)en- (in) and *steh₂- (stand) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ailén [ˈalʲeːn] = island
Irish (Gaeilge) oileán [ˈɪnʲɪʃ] = island; isolated place
oileán sráide/tráchta = street-refuge, traffic island
An tOileán Úr = the New World, America
oileánach = islander, abounding in islands, insular
oileánachas = insularism, insularity
oileánrach = group of islands, archipelago
glasoileán = peninsula; island accessible by bridge or on foot at low tide
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eilean [elan] = isle, island
eilean anabaich = promontory
eilean-mara / eilean-tràghaidh = tidal island
frith-eilean = small island, islet
leth-eilean = peninsula
ros-eilean = wooded/forested island
Eilean a’ Cheò = The Isle of Skye (“Isle of Mist” – poetic)
Eilean an Fhraoich = The Isle of Lewis (“Isle of Heather” poetic)
Comhairle nan Eilean = The Council of the Isles, The Western Isles Council
Manx (Gaelg) ellan = isle, island
ellanagh = islander; insular
ellanaght / ellanys = insularity
ellaneen = islet
ellanragh = archipelago
Ellan Vannin = Isle of Man

Etymology: from the Old Irish ail (boulder, rock) and -én (diminutive suffix) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Lakes and Ponds

Words for lakes, ponds and related things in Celtic languages.

Llyn Idwal

Proto-Celtic *lindā = pool, lake
Gaulish lindon = pool, lake; sea, ocean
Old Irish (Goídelc) lind [l̠ʲiːn̠ʲ / l̠ʲɪn̠ʲ] = pool, pond, body of water, lake, sea
Irish (Gaeilge) linn = pool, pond, body of water, lake, sea
linn mhuilinn = mill-pond
linn lachan = duck pond
linneach = full of pools, watery
linneolaíocht = limnology (freshwater science)
linntreog = small pool, puddle, pot-hole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) linne [l̪ʲin̪ʲə] deep pool; strait, sound, firth
linne-thuathal, faochag-linne = whirlpool
Linne Giùdain = Firth of Forth
Linne Shalmhaigh = Solway Firth
éisg-linn = fishpond
Manx (Gaelg) lhingey = pool, pond, backwater
lhingey chassee = small whirlpool
lhingey eeast = fishpond
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnn = lake, liquid
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynn = lake, liquid
Welsh (Cymraeg) llyn [ɬɨ̞n/ɬɪn] = lake, pool, pond, puddle, moat
llyn anoddun = bottomless pit, the deep
llyn melin = mill pond
llyn tro = whirlpool
Old Cornish lin = lake
Cornish (Kernewek) lynn, lydn = lake
Old Breton lin = lake
Breton (Brezhoneg) lenn = lake, basin, washhouse, fishpond, body of water

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *liH-nd-o-/*liH-nd-u [source].

These words appear in places names such as Lincoln in England, Dublin in Ireland, Lintgen in Luxembourg, Limmat – a river in Switzerland (originally Lindimacus), and possibly strong>Lindern in Germany.

Proto-Celtic *loku = lake, pool
Old Irish (Goídelc) loch [l͈ox] = lake, inlet of the sea
Irish (Gaeilge) loch [l̪ˠɔx] = lake, pool, (body of) water, arm of the sea, lough, fiord
lochach = having (many) lakes
lochán = small lake, pond
lochánach = having (many) small lakes
loch-chuach = lake basin
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) loch [l̪ˠɔx] = loch, lake
lochach = pertaining to or abounding in lochs/lakes
lochan = small lake, loch
loch-mara = sea loch
loch-tasgaidh = reservoir
loch-uisge = freshwater loch/lake
feur-lochan = small grassy loch (which tends to dry up)
Manx (Gaelg) logh [laːx] = lake, lough, loch, arm of the sea
loghan = small lake, pond, dam, tank, dock, pool
loghanagh = full of lakes
logh-hailjey = saltwater lake
logh-ushtey = freshwater lake
Old Welsh lichou = lake, pool
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) luch, lluch = lake, pool
Welsh (Cymraeg) llwch [ɬuːχ] = lake, pool, stagnant water, bog, swamp, marsh, mud, mire, grime, filth, dung
Cornish (Kernewek) logh = inlet
Middle Breton laguenn = flooded field
Breton (Brezhoneg) loc’h = pond, lagoon, flooded meadow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *lókus (pond, pool), which is also the root of the Icelandic lögur (liquid, fluid, lake, sea), and words for lake in Romance languages, including lac in French, Occitan and Romanian, and lago in Galician, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Cloaks and Veils

Words for cloak, blanket and related things in Celtic languages.

The Pumpkin Whisperer

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic linnā = veil, cloak
Gaulish linna = veil, cloak
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenn = cloak, mantle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lenn = cloak, mantle
Irish (Gaeilge) leann = cloak, mantle
Old Welsh lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Welsh (Cymraeg) llen [ɬɛn] = curtain, hanging, veil, screen, covering, canopy, tapestry, sheet, pall, mantle, shawl
llen amdo = winding-sheet, shroud
llen iâ = ice sheet
llen olaf = final curtain (after a theatrical performance)
llen rhwydog = net curtains
llen dân = safter curtain
Old Cornish len = blanket, cloth
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) len = blanket, cloak, whittle
Cornish (Kernewek) lenn = blanket, cloth
lenn dhu = blind
brithlen = tapestry
Breton (Brezhoneg) lenn = flag, coat
lenn-wele = bedspread, bed-cover

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *linom (flax) [source].

Proto-Celtic *brattos = cloak, mantle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bratt [ˈbr͈at] = cloak, mantle
brattach = banner, clothing, flag
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brat, bratt = cloak, mantle, cover, cloth
brattach = having a clock, mantled; clothing, shielf, banner, standard
Irish (Gaeilge) brat [bˠɾˠɑt̪ˠ / bˠɾˠat̪ˠ] = mantle, cloak, covering, curtain
brata (le) = carpeted, covered (with)
aerbhrat = atmosphere
brat brád = neckerchief
bratach = flag
bratóg = small cloak, covering, rag, flake
bratógach = ragged, in rags
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brat [brahd] = carpet, mat, cloak, mantle, cover(ing), sheet, drape, drapery
brat-cùil = backdrop
brat-deighe = ice-sheet
brat-dorais = doormat
brat-dubhair = awning
brat-dorais = tapestry
brat-gréise = bed cover, coverlet
brat-ùrlair = carpet, rug, mat
bratach = flag, banner, colours, ensign
Manx (Gaelg) brat = covering, cover, coat, layer, film, pall, curtain, cloak, sheet, wrap, coating
brat jaagh = smokescreen
brat laare = carpet
brat lhiabbagh = coverlet, bedcover
brat peintey = coat of paint
brattagh = banner, colour, ensign, flag
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brat, bratt = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore
brethyn, bredhyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
Welsh (Cymraeg) brat = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore (possibly borrowed from Irish)
brethyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
brethyn arwyl = funeral pall, bier-cloth
brethyn bord = tablecloth
brethyn cyfrwy = saddlecloth
brethyn neuadd = tapestry
Old Breton brothrac = skirt
Middle Breton broz = skirt
Breton (Brezhoneg) brozh = skirt
brozh-dan = petticoat, underskirt
korf-brozh = bodice, corset

Etymology: unknown [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) culpait = hood, cowl
culpatach = hooded
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) culpait, clupait = hood, cowl
culpatach = having a hood, hooded, folded
Irish (Gaeilge) clupaid [ˈklˠʊpˠədʲ] = fold, tuck (in cloth)
clupaideach = gathered, puckered, wrinkled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crùbag [kruːbag] = wrinkle(d), bent, shrunk, fold, plait, gather
criopag [krʲihbag] = wrinkle, clew, hag, horrible old woman
Manx (Gaelg) craplag = fold, furrow, line, wrinkle
Proto-Brythonic *külkɨd = ?
Old Welsh cichet = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kylchet, cylched, kylched = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
Welsh (Cymraeg) cylched [ˈkəlχɛd] = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
cylchedlen = valanec, curtain, hangings
Cornish (Kernewek) kolghes = duvet, quilt
Old Breton (Brethonoc) colcet = quilt
Middle Breton (Brezonec) golchet = quilt
Breton (Brezhoneg) golch’ed [ˈɡolxet] = duvet, quilt
golch’edad = contents of a duvet
golch’edenn = pad (under a saddle, etc), straw mattress
golch’edenniñ = to fill with a pad

Etymology: from Latin culcita (mattress, pillow, cushion), which is of uncertain origin. Words from the same roots include quilt in English, and couette (duvet, quilt) in French [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Battle

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

St Fagan's National Museum of Wales

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *katus = battle
*Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name)
*Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name)
Gaulish catu, katu = battle
Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, warlike
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, vehement
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = fighter, warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge) cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion
cathach = battling, warlike
cathaí = battler, fighter
cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt
cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare
cathach = warlike
cath nan con = dogfight
cath-thuagh = battle axe
blàr-catha = battlefield
gairm-chatha = warcry
cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg) cah = military action battle
crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser
caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic *kad = battle
*Kadüdɨɣern (male name)
*Kaduwallọn (male name)
Old Welsh Categern, Catigern (male name)
Cadwallawn (male name)
Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kad, kat = battle
Cattegirn (male name)
Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg) cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band
cad ar faes = at loggerheads
cadfan = battlefield
Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details]
Cadeyrn (male name)
Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cad, câs = battle, war
cadlys = camp, intrenchment
cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek) kas = armed conflict, battle, war
kasor, kasores = fighter
kasorek = militant
Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg) kad = battle
Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic *agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge) ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc
ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter
ármhach = slaughter
ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death
àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield
àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg) haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic *aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aer = battle, fight, war
aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader
aerbais = coat of mail
aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter
aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle
aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg) aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg) aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic)
aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic)
aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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