Hurdle Fences

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

timeless gateway

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish *cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Country and Land

Words for land, country and related words in Celtic languages.

Cwm Idwal

Proto-Celtic *tīros = dry land, land, earth
*wo-tīro- = piece of land
Old Irish (Goídelc) tír = land, country, territory, ground
Tír inna n-Óc = (mythical) Land of Youth
Irish (Gaeilge) tír [tʲiːɾʲ] = country, land, state, nation; region, district. territory, rural district, country native, ordinary
tírdhreach = landscape
tíreach = native, of the country
tíreachas = domesticity
tíreánach = mainlander
tíreolaí = geographer
tíreolaíocht = geography
tírghrá = patriotism
tírghrách = patriotic
tírghráthóir = patriot
Tír na nÓg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tìr [tʲiːrʲ] = land, country, territory
tìreach = countryman, patriot
tìr-eòlas = geography
tìr-ghràdhaiche = patriot
tìr-mór = mainland, continent
Tìr nan Òg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
àrd-tìr = highland
Manx (Gaelg) çheer = land, country, state, territory, shore
çheeragh = native
çheer-ghraihagh = patriotic
çheer-oayllee = geographer
çheer-oaylleeaght = geography
çheer vooar = mainland
çheer yalloo = landscape
Çheer ny Aeg = (mythical) Land of Youth
Proto-Brythonic *tir [ˈtiːr] = land
Old Welsh tir = land
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tir, tyr = land
Welsh (Cymraeg) tir [tiːr] = land, ground, soil, turf, estate, open land, region, territory, domain, country, earth, ridge
tiriaf, tirio = to land, come ashore, disembark, arrive, reach
tir(i)og = landowning, landed
tiriogaeth = territory, realm, district, tract, (piece of) land
tiriogaethol = territorial
tirwedd = landscape, scenery, (geographic) relief
Cornish (Kernewek) tir = land, earth
tira = to land, come ashore
tiredh = territory
tirlanow = landfill
tir meur = mainland
tirnos = landmark
tirwedh = landscape
konna tir = peninsula
penn tir = headland
Breton (Brezhoneg) tir = land
penn-tir = headland

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os/tḗrs (to heap up, increase, enlarge) [source].

Princes Street Gardens

Proto-Celtic *wlatis = sovereignty, rule
*walo- = prince, chief
*walatro- = ruler
Old Irish (Goídelc) flaith [flaθʲ] = lordship, sovereignty, rule, kingdom, realm, prince, ruler
flaithem = prince, ruler
flaithemail = princely, munificent
flaithemnacht = rule
flaithemnas, flaithius = rule, sovereignty
flaithiúlacht = princeliness, munificence, lavishness, generosity
Irish (Gaeilge) flaith [fˠlˠah/fˠlˠa] = lordship, sovereignty, ruler, prince, lord, chief
banfhlaith = princess
flaithbheartach = princely, generous
flaithbhile = princely scion, noble champion
flaitheas = rule, sovereignty, kingdom, realm
flaitheasach = heavenly, celestial
co-fhlaitheas = confederation
flaithiúil = princely, munificent, lavish, generous
flaithiúlach = lavish, generous
flaithiúnta = sovereign, heavenly
mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) flath [fl̪ˠah] = king, prince, ruler, noble
banfhlath = wife of a chieftain, noblewoman
flath-shonas [fl̪ˠahənəs] = dominion, kingdom, heaven, the heavens
flathail = noble, gallant, patrician, princely, majestic; blithesome
mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Manx (Gaelg) flah = prince, potentate
flaunys = heaven, utopia, paradise
Proto-Brythonic *gwlad [ˈɡwlaːd] = sovereignty, country
*gwlėdig = civil, secular, established, national
*gwaladr [ɡwaˈladr̩] = ruler
Old Welsh gulat = country, realm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gulat, gulad, gwlat, gwlad = country, realm
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlad [ɡwlaːd/ɡlaːd] = country, land, province, region, district, kingdom, realm, domain; nation, the people of a country
gwaladr = ruler, sovereign
gwladaidd = rural, rustic countrified, homely, plain, mean, poor, boorish, vulgar, rough, clumsy, awkward
gwladiath = native tongue, mother tongue
gwladwr = countryman, peasant, rustic, compatriot, inhabitant, citizen
gwledig = rural
rhyngwladol = international
Old Cornish gulat = country
Cornish (Kernewek) gwlas = country
gwlaskar = patriotic
gwlaskarer / gwlaskarores = patriot
gwlaskarenja / gwlaskerensa = patriotism
gwlaskor = kingdom, realm
Old Breton guletic = prince
Middle Breton gloat = kingdom, wealth
gloedic = count
Breton (Brezhoneg) glad [ɡlɑːt] = inheritance, heritage, patrimony

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis/*h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from *h₂welh₁- (to rule, strong, powerful) [source].

Proto-Celtic *talamū = earth
Gaulish *talamon = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) talam [ˈtalaṽ] = earth, (dry) land, country, soil, dirt, clay
Irish (Gaeilge) talamh [ˈt̪ˠɑlˠəvˠ/ˈt̪ˠalˠə/ˈt̪ˠalˠu] = earth, ground, land, dry land, soil, soild base (for discussion, understanding)
talamhchreathach = seismic
talamhchrith = earthquake
talamhiata = land-locked
talamhluas = ground speed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) talamh [tal̪ˠav] = earth, ground, Earth
talamh bàn = fallow/unmanured ground
talamh-dearg = tiled soil, ploughed land
talamh-làidir, talamh-glas = unploughed land
talamh-rèisg = marshy/boggy ground
talamh-àitich = arable land, cultivable land
Manx (Gaelg) thalloo = country, land, shore, terrain, territory, clod, earth, ground , soil
thallooinaghey = to earth, earthing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (ground) [source]. The French surname Talmont, and the placenames Talmont-sur-Gironde and Talmont-Saint-Hilaire come from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Gaulish *talamon, and the Latin Talamone / Talmun.

Words from the same PIE root include tellurian (of or relating to the earth) in English, тло [tɫɔ] (background, environment, ground, basis) in Ukrainian, потолок [pətɐˈɫok] (ceiling, upper limit, roof) in Russian, tło [twɔ] (background) in Polish, तल [t̪əl] (bottom, level, storey, floor) in Hindi [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Weaving Words

Words for weave and related words, in Celtic languages.

Weaving

Proto-Celtic *wegyeti = to weave, compose
Old Irish (Goídelc) figid = to weave, plait, intertwine
Irish (Gaeilge) figh = to weave, put together, contrive, compose (a story, etc)
fián = grain (in meat)
fíochán = (act of) weaving, weave, web, plaiting, tissue, tracery
fíodóir = weaver, spider
idirfhigh = to interweave
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fighe [fi.ə] = weaving, to weave, knitting
figheadair [fi.ədɛrʲ] = weaver, knitter
fighiche [fi.ɪçə] = weaver
Manx (Gaelg) fee = weave, plait, knit, interlace, braid, intertwine, mat; ravens
feeder, fidder = weaver
fidderaght = texture, weave, weaving
fidderagh = weaving
fidderys = weaving
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ywehu, weaf, gweawdd, wav, gweheu = to weave, plait, knit
Welsh (Cymraeg) gweu, gwau, gweaf, gweuaf = to weave, plait, knit, spin in a web; to weave or compose poems
gwau [ɡwaɨ̯/ɡwai̯] = weaving, knitting
gwe [ɡweː] = (spider) web, gauze, the Web
gwefan = website
gwead = weave
gweadog, gweadol = weaving, plaiting, twisting
gweadur = weaver, knitter, plaiter, spiner, composer
gwëydd, gwehydd, gwŷdd = weaver, composer of poetry, weaver of songs
gwehyddu = to weave
Cornish (Kernewek) gwia = to weave
gwiader/gwiadores = weaver
gwias = web, fabric. tissue, consistency
gwiasva = website
Middle Breton gueaff = to weave
Breton (Brezhoneg) gweañ = to wring, twist, bend, buckle, writhe; to braid, plait, weave
gwiad = fabric, cloth, tissue, canvas; spider’s web, cobweb
gwiader = weaver
gwiadiñ = to weave

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *weg- (to spin, weave) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Strawberries

Words for strawberries and related words, in Celtic languages.

Strawberries

Proto-Celtic *subhī = strawberries
Old Irish (Goídelc) sub = strawberry
sub craéb = raspberry
Irish (Gaeilge) [sˠuː] = (red) berry
sú craobh = raspberry
sú talún = strawberry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùbh [suː] = berry, soft fruit
sùbh-craobh = raspberry
sùbh-craobh ruiteach = salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
sùbh-làir fiadhain = wild / Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca)
sùbh nam ban-sìthe = stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis)
sùbh-thalmhainn = strawberry
Manx (Gaelg) soo [suː] = berry
soo crouw = raspberry
soo thallooin = strawberry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yssyui / syui / syvi = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg) syfi(en) [ˈsəvi] = (wild) strawberries
syfi coch/gwyllt/bach = wild strawberries
syfi gardd = cultivated strawberries)
syfïa = to gather (wild) strawberries
Old Cornish syvyen = strawberry
Cornish (Kernewek) sevi(en) = strawberries
Old Breton s(u)iuy = strawberries
Middle Breton siuy = strawberries
Breton (Brezhoneg) sivi(enn) = strawberries
sivia = to pick strawberries
sivi-garzh = wild strawberries

Etmology: possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate [source]

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ymevvs / mefys / mefvs / mevys = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg) mefus(en) [ˈmɛvɨ̞s / ˈmeːvɪs] = strawberries
mefus y goedwig / mefus y coed = wild strawberries

Etmology: from the Vulgar Latin majusa (“mayberry”), or from the Basque mart (blackberry, bramble), or from the Gaulish *majoþa [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Plums

Words for plums, damsons, sloes, and related words, in Celtic languages.

Plums

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *agrinyom/*agrinyā = sloe, small plum, berry
Old Irish (Goídelc) áirne = sloe
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áirne, airnne = sloe, kernel
áirnech = abounding in sloes
áirnechán = little sloe
Irish (Gaeilge) airne [ˈɑːɾˠn̠ʲə / ˈæːɾˠn̠ʲə] = sloe, gland
airneog = sloe tree, blackthorn
biotáille airní = sloe gin
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àirne [aːr̪n̪ʲə] = blackthorn, sloe (berry), wild plum (prunus domestica), damson (prunus domestica insititia)
àirneag = sloe bush
Manx (Gaelg) airn = sloe, bullace
airnagh = sloe-covered
soo airney = sloe jam
drine airn = blackthorn, sloe tree (Prunus spinosa)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eirin(en) = plum(s), damson(s), sloe(s)
eirinha = to collect sloes or bullace
eirinwyd = plum trees, sloe trees, blackthorn
Welsh (Cymraeg) eirin(en) [ˈei̯rɪn] = plum(s), damson(s), sloe(s), bullace, berries, testicle(s)
eirina = to collect sloes or bullace
eirinog = bearing plums or sloes
eirinwydd = plum trees, sloe trees, blackthorn
eirin bwlas = bullace, wild plums (Prunus insititia), damsons
eirin damasg/Damasgus = damson
eirin Ffrainc/Ffrengig = prunes
eirin gwlanog = peaches, apricots
eirin gwynion = greengages
eirin Mair = gooseberries
eirin y moch = haws, hawthorn berries
eirin morwydd = mulberries
eirin peatus = nectarines
eirin ysgaw = elderberries
eirin y gors = crowberries
Old Cornish yryn = sloes
Cornish (Kernewek) eyrin(en) = sloe(s)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) <hirin, irin = sloes
yrinenn = blackthorn
Breton (Brezhoneg) irin(enn) [ˈiː.rĩn(n)] = sloe(s), sloe gin; pupil, eye
irina = to look for sloes
irineg = a place with sloes
irinenn = blackthorn

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (berry) [source]. The English word acorn comes from the same root, via the Proto-Germanic *h₂ógeh₂ [source]

Damsons

Irish (Gaeilge) pluma [ˈpˠlˠʊmˠə] = plum
daimsín [ˈpˠlˠʊmˠə] = damson
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) plumais / plùmbais [pl̪ˠumɪʃ / pl̪ˠuːmbɪʃ] = plum
daimsin [dãĩmʃɪn] = damson
Manx (Gaelg) plumbis = plum
damsyl = damson
Welsh (Cymraeg) plemys(en) = plum(s)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pluman = plum
plumbren = plum tree
Cornish (Kernewek) ploum(en) = plum(s)
ploum(en) sygh = prune(s)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) prun(enn), prun(en) = plum(s), testicule(s)
prunec = sloe grove
prunenn, prunen = plum tree
Breton (Brezhoneg) prun(enn) = plum(s), testicule(s)
pruneg, prunek = plum grove
prunenn = plum tree

Etmology (plum): from the Middle English ploume/plomme (plum) from the Old English plūme/plume (plum), from the Proto-West Germanic *plūmā (plum), from the Latin prūnum (plum), from the Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon – plum). Prune comes from the same root [source]

Etmology (damson): from the Middle English damascene/damasyn/damacene (damson), from the Latin prūnum damascēnum (Damascene plum, plum of Damascus), from the Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon – plum) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Butter

Words for butter and related words in Celtic languages.

Butter

Proto-Celtic *emban = butter
Old Irish (Goídelc) imb/imm [imʲbʲ] = butter
Irish (Gaeilge) im [aimʲ / iːmʲ / ɪmʲ] = butter
saill ime = butterfat
uachtar ime = buttercream
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ìm [iːm] = butter
imeach [iməx] = buttery, producing butter
Manx (Gaelg) eeym = butter
eeymagh = buttery
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ymenyn = butter
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)menyn [əˈmɛnɨ̞n / əˈmeːnɪn] = butter, curds
blodyn menyn = buttercup
(y)menyneiddiwch = butteriness
(y)menynaidd = buttery
Old Cornish amanen = butter
Cornish (Kernewek) (a)manyn = butter
Middle Breton amanen = butter
Breton (Brezhoneg) amann [ã.ˈmãnː] = butter
amanennañ [ã.ˈmãnː] = to butter
amanenner [ã.ˈmãnː] = butter dish
kouign-amann = kouign-amann (a traditional Breton butter cake)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷen- (fat, butter), from *h₃engʷ- (to smear, anoint) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Cheese

Words for cheese and related words in Celtic languages.

Cheese

Old Irish (Goídelc) cáise = cheese
Irish (Gaeilge) cáis [kɑːʃ / kæːʃ] = cheese
cáiseoir = cheese-maker, cheese-monger
cáisiúil = cheesy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) càise [kaːʃə] = cheese
càisean, cùl-càise = cheese rind
brèid-càise, anart-càise = cheesecloth
Manx (Gaelg) caashey = cheese, cheesy
caasheydagh = cheesy
Proto-Brythonic *kọs = cheese
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) caws, caus = cheese
Welsh (Cymraeg) caws [kau̯s] = cheese, curds, a cheese
cawsa = to beg cheese, collect cheese
cawsai = cheese begger, one who makes cheese
cawsaidd = caseous, cheesy
cawsion = curd, curds, curdlings
cawslestr = cheesel, cheese vat/mould
cawslïain = cheese-cloth
cawsty = cheese house, dairy
cosyn [ˈkɔsɨ̞n / ˈkɔsɪn] = a piece of cheese
Cornish (Kernewek) keus [køːs] = cheese
keuswask = cheese press
Breton (Brezhoneg) keuz = cheese
keuzerezh = cheese factory

Etymology: from the Latin cāseus (cheese), from the Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (to ferment, become sour) [source].

Middle Breton) fourondec, foulondec = cheese
Breton (Brezhoneg) formaj = cheese
fourmajerezh = cheese factory

Etymology: from the Latin Latin fōrmāticum (cheese), short for cāseus fōrmāticus (form cheese), from cāseus (cheese) amd fōrma (form, mold) [source]. More cheesy words in European languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Hillsides

Words for hillsides, cliffs and related words in Celtic languages.

Snowdonia in the sun

Proto-Celtic *altos = height, cliff
Old Irish (Goídelc) alt, allt = height, cliff, valley, abyss
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) als = hillock
Irish (Gaeilge) ailt = steep-sided glen, ravine, height, cliff
ailteán = small ravine
alt = steep-sided ravine, hillock
altach = undulating (road), wavy (hair)
altán = streamlet, ravine, hillock
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) alt [al̪ˠd] = rugged/steep bank, precipice
allt [aul̪ˠd] = brook, burn, stream, brook, rill, river with precipitous banks
alltan = brook, little stream, streamlet
Manx (Gaelg) alt = mountain stream, glen in mountains, high place, altitude, alto
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) alt, allt = hill(side)
Welsh (Cymraeg) allt [aːɬt / aɬt] = hill(side), (steep) gradient or slope, steep road or path, (steep) ascent, cliff, woods, wooded slope
allt (o) goed = wood, grove
allt (y) môr, allt fôr = sea-cliff
yr allt bren = staircase, facet (“the wooden hill”)
Old Cornish als = cliff
Cornish (Kernewek) als [ɒlz / ælz] = cliff
Middle Breton a(o)ut = coast, shore, bank
Breton (Brezhoneg) aod = coast, shore
aod bili = pebble beach
aod vev = foreshore

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (to grow, nourish) [source].

English words such as altitude, adult and old come from the same PIE root, as do alt (old, ancient, elderly) in German, oud (old) in Dutch, haut (high, tall) in French and alto (high, tall, deep, loud) in Italian [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Slieve League / Sliabh Liag

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Bridges

Words for bridges and related words in Celtic languages.

Menai Bridge / Pont y Borth

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) drochet [ˈdroxʲed] = bridge
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drochet, drochat, droichet = bridge, causeway
drochetech, drochetóir = bridge-maker
Irish (Gaeilge) droichead [ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛçəd̪ˠ] = bridge
droichead crochta = suspension bridge
droichead tógála = drawbridge
droichead meáite = weigh bridge
droichead veidhlín = bridge of a violin
droichead sróine = bridge of the nose
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) drochaid [drɔxɪdʲ] = bridge
drochaid air fleodradh = pontoon
drochaid-thogalach, drochaid-thogail = drawbridge
drochaid-choise = footbridge
drochaid-rathaid = road bridge, viaduct
drochaid-thionndain = swing bridge
Manx (Gaelg) droghad = bridge, bridge of ship, arch, gantry
droghad aae = viaduct
droghad cassee = swing bridge
droghad coshey = gangway, footbridge
droghad croghit = suspension bridge
droghad keesh = toll bridge
droichead meihaghey = weigh bridge

Etymology: from Old Irish droch (wheel, circlet) and sét (path) [source].

Gaulish ponto = bridge
Proto-Brythonic *pont = bridge
Cumbric *pont = bridge
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pont = bridge
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pont, pynt = bridge, drawbridge
Welsh (Cymraeg) pont [pɔnt] = bridge, drawbridge, viaduct, aqueduct
pontio = to bridge (a gap), to transition
pont godi = drawbridge
pont grog = suspension bridge
pont trwyn = bridge of the nose
pont y glaw, pont law = rainbow
pont ysgwydd = collar-bone, clavicle
pontio = to bridge, span, arch
pont(i)og = like a bridge, arched of the nature of a bridge
pont(i)wr, pontydd = a bridge-builder
pontyddiaeth = bridge-building
Old Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Cornish (Kernewek) pons = bridge
ponsfordh = viaduct
pons travalya = travelling bridge
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pont = bridge
Breton (Brezhoneg) pont [pɔ̃nt] = bridge, top of the furrow, culvert, trigger guard
pontan, pontañ = to bridge, lay flat stones (on a ditch or stream)
pont-tro = swing bridge
pont hent-houarn = railway bridge
pont dilestrañ = bridge, deck (of ship)
pont kargañ = loading deck
pont-tro = swing bridge

Etymology: from Latin pōns (bridge, deck), from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (path, road), from *pent- (path). Words from the same roots include pont (bridge) in French, puente (bridge) in Spanish, път [pɤt] (road, way, path, journey, way) in Bulgarian source].

Proto-Celtic *brīwā = bridge
Gaulish briua = bridge
Leptonic 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam) = funerary construction (perhaps a grave)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw/*bʰrēw (wooden flooring, decking, bridge), which is also the root of the English words bridge and brig, and Brücke (bridge) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Peaks

Words for peaks and tops and related words in Celtic languages.

View from Snowdon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bandā = top, peak; horn
*benno- = peak, top
Gaulish benn/*bannā = peak
Old Irish (Goídelc) benn [bʲen͈] = mountain, crag, peak, point, crest, summit, pinnacle, spire; gable, corner, horn (of animal), drinking horn, prong, crest
bennán = horned animal, cow, calf; horned or peaked object
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) benn = mountain, crag, peak, point, crest, summit, pinnacle, spire, gable, corner, prong, crest
bennacán = little horned one, calf
bennach = pointed, peaked, horned
bennán = a horned animal, calf
bennchopor = steeple, tower
Irish (Gaeilge) beann = horn, antler; drinking horn; prong (of fork)
beannach = horned, antlered, pronged, peaked, gabled, angular
beannógach = peaked,angular
binn = peak; gable; cliff; corner, edge, margin; lap; side, portion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beann [bjaun̪ˠ] = horn, peak, top, corner, skirt
beannach = [bjan̪ˠəx] = pointed, horned
beinn [bein̪ʲ] = mountain, mount, high hill
beinn-theine = volcano
eigh-bheinn = iceberg
Manx (Gaelg) beinn = mountain, ben, summit, pinnacle, apex, tine of deer
beinn rioee = iceberg
Proto-Brythonic *bann = top, peak
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bann, = top, tip, peak, summit
Welsh (Cymraeg) ban [ban] = top, tip, peak, summit, crest, peak, beacon, height, pinnacle, turret, hill, mountain, bare hill; chief; drinking horn, horn (of animal); arm, branch, beam, point (of cross)
bannau’r byd = corners, quarters or regions of the world, the ends of the earth
ban caer, ban y gaer = rampart of a fort; top or height of a fortess
ban lleuad = quarters of the moon, new moon
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban = that which is high, a height, mountain, summit
Cornish (Kernewek) ban = prominence
Breton (Brezhoneg) bann = rising, uphill, upright, post, column

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bn̥dʰéh₂ from *bendʰ- (pin, point). The Scots word ben (mountain, hill) comes from the Scottish Gaelic beinn. From Gaulish we get the Catalan words banya (horn) and banyut (horned, unfaithful), and the Occitan bana (horn), and the English word pin comes from the same PIE root [source].

See the post about Mountains for other mountain-related words, such as sliabh in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and mynydd in Welsh.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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