Category: Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)

Mysterious Secrets

By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for secret and mystery, and related words, in Celtic languages.

Secret words

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rūnā = secret, mystery, magic
Gaulish Cobrunus = personal name
Leptonic Runatis = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) rún [r͈uːn] = mystery, secret
rúnde [ˈr͈uːn͈de] = mysterious, mystical
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rún, rúun, rúin = something hidden or occult, a mystery, mystic or hidden meaning, a secret, secret thoughts or wishes, intention, purpose, design
Irish (Gaeilge) rún [ɾˠuːnˠ] = mystery, secret, intention, purpose, resolution, love, affection
rúnach = darling, sweetheart; runic, secret, mysterious
rúnaí = secretary, confidant, secretary-bird
rúnchara = confidant(e)
rúnda = mystical, mysterious, secret, confidential
rúndacht = secrecy
rúnmhar = close, secretive
rúnscríbhin = runic script, secret writing, cipher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rùn [r̪ˠuːn] = secret, intention, design, resolution, motive, purpose, desire, love
rùnach = secretarial, mysterious, mystical, beloved, runic
rùnag = small secret, dearie, sweetie
rùnaire = secretary
rùinean = small secret, quietly
Manx (Gaelg) roon = confidence, obstinacy, viciousness, malice, spite, resentment, rune
roonagh = stubborn, secret, vindictive, perverse, malicious, malignant, vicious, ill intentioned, runic
Proto-Brythonic *rrin = mystery
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rin = mystery, charm
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhin [r̥iːn] = secret, mystery, miracle; privacy, intimacy, intercourse; enchanment, magic spell, charm, sorcery, witchcraft, rune; virtue, attribute, property, quality, essence; secret, private, mysterious, occult
rhin(i)af / rhin(i)o = to whisper, speak secretly, charm, enchant, secrete
rhiniwr = charmer, enchanter, sorcerer, magician
rhinaidd = obscure, profound, enchanting
rhinwedd = virtue, rectitude, moral excellence, nature, quality
cyfrin = mysterious, esoteric; mystic, mystery, secret.
cyfrinach = secret, mystery, deliberation
Cornish (Kernewek) rin = mystery
kevrin(ek) = secret
Middle Breton rin = secret, wisdom

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-/*rēwH- (to roar, grumble, murmur, mumble, whisper). The Proto-Germanic word *rūnō (secret, mystery, rune) and related words in modern Germanic languages, including rune in English and Dutch, and runa (rune) in Swedish, possibly come from the same Proto-Celtic root, or from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *kowdo- = hiding place, concealment
*koudeti = hide
Proto-Brythonic *kʉðɨd = to hide
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cud = concealment, covering, hidden
Welsh (Cymraeg) cudd [kɨð/kɪð] = concealment, hiding-place, secrecy, covering, veil; concealed, hidden, dark, hiding
cuddedig = hidden, concealed, unknown, covered,mysterious, secret, dark
cuddfa = hiding-place, retreat, hoard
cuddiad = a hiding, concealment, secret
cuddio = to hide, conceal, bury, cover
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cudhe, cidha, citha, cudhb = to hide, conceal, cover
cudhygyc = one that conceals himself, bashful, ashamed
Cornish (Kernewek) kudh = concealed, hidden, secret
kudha (rag) = to conceal, hide (from)
kudhlen = cover, veil
kudhoberys = underhand
kudhva = hideout, lair
kudhys = veiled
Middle Breton cuzaff = secret, confidential
Breton (Brezhoneg kuzh = secret, confidential
kuzh(iadell) / toull-kuzh = hiding place
kuzhat = to hide (oneself)
kuzhet = masked
kuzhadur = eclipse, blanking, concealment
kuzhuter = confidant(e)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- from *(s)kewH- (to hide, cover, wrap). Words from the same roots include custodian, hide, house, hut and sky in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *sanestos = secret (advice), whisper, counsel, history
Old Irish (Goídelc) sana(i)s = advice, counsel, whisper, privacy
Irish (Gaeilge) sanas [ˈsˠanˠasˠ] = whisper, hint, suggestion, gloss, glossary
sanasaí = etymologist
sanasaíocht = etymology
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sanas [ˈsanəs] = notice, sign, signal, warning, hint, cue, whisper
sanasach = warning, hinting
Manx (Gaelg) sannish = whisper, hint, allusion, suggestion
sansheraght = to whisper, annunciate, speak under breath, whispering
Proto-Brythonic *hanes = history, secret
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hanes = history, secret
Welsh (Cymraeg) hanes [ˈhanɛs/ˈhanas] = history, chronicle, tale, account, narrative, record, report, intelligence; secret, mystery, whisper, murmur
hanesaf / hanesu = to narrate/write history
hanesydd = historian, historiographer, chronicler
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanas = a low sound, whisper
Cornish (Kernewek) hanas = groan, murmur, sigh, whisper
hanasa = to groan, murmur, sigh, whisper

Etymology: uncertain [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Heat

By Simon

Words for heat, warmth and related things in Celtic languages.

Flaming torches

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *texstus = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc) tess = heat, warmth
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tess, tes = heat, warmth, sultriness, fervour, zeal
aintes = excessive heat
tesbach, teasbhach = heat, warmth, sultriness, ardour, fury, illess, fever
tessach = feverish heat, fever
tessaide = hot, warm, sultry
tessaigid = to warm, heat
Irish (Gaeilge) teas [tʲasˠ/tʲæsˠ] = heat, hotness, warmth; warm clothing, warm place; degree of hotness; high temperature, feverishness; ardour, passion; hottest, highest, stage
teasach = feverish heat, fever
teasaí = hot, warm; ardent, passionate; hot feverish; hot-tempered, fiery
teasaíocht = heat, warmth; ardour, passion; feverishness; hot temper, fire
teasaire = heater
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teas [tʲes] = heat, hotness; temperature; heating (in metallurgy)
teas-mheidh = thermometer
teasach = fever, restlessness (caused by heat), mo(u)lt; thermal
teasadair / teasraiche / teasachan = heater
Manx (Gaelg) çhiass = heat, warmth
çhiassveih = thermometer
çhiasseyder = radiator, heater, warmer
çhiassid = hotness, temperature
çhiassagh = febrile, feverish
Proto-Brythonic tes = heat, warmth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tes = heat, warmth
Welsh (Cymraeg) tes [teːs] = heat (of the sun), warmth, (period of) warm weather, sunshine, (heat) haze, mist
cynes [ˈkənɛs] = warm (from cyn (co-) and tes)
tesaint = passion, zeal; heat, warmth
teser = (heat) haze
tesiad = a warming
tesio, tesiaf = to shine (of the sun)
tesog = hot, sunny, close sultry
Old Cornish tes = heat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tes = heat, warmth
Cornish (Kernewek) tes = heat
tesa = to heat
tesek = hot
tesel = thermal
Old Breton tes = heat
Middle Breton (Brezhonec) tez, tès = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg) tes = heat

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm, to be hot) [source]. Celtic words from fire come from the same PIE root via the Proto-Celtic *teɸnets (fire) [source]

The English word tepid comes from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *teɸents = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc) té, tee [tʲeː] = hot, warm; lustful, wanton; comfortable, sheltered; fervent; fierce, keen
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) té, te = warm, hot, comfortable, sheltered, fervent, fierce, keen, bold
Irish (Gaeilge) te [tʲɛ] = hot, warm; pungent; ardent, hot-tempered, vehement, hotfoot; affectionate, comfortable
teobhlasta = hot (spicy)
teochroí = warm-heartedness, warmth, affection
teochroíoch = warm-hearted
teocht = warmth, heat, temperature
teofholach = warm-blooded
alathe = lukewarm
téamh = heating, warming, distillation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teth [tʲeh] = hot
ain-teth = scorching, exceedingly hot, ardent, vehement, eager, inflamed
Manx (Gaelg) çheh = fevered, fervent, heated, hot, impassioned, passion, sexually precocious, thermal, warm
çhiow = to warm up, warm, warming up, inclined, yearned, heat,warmed

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm) [source].

Proto-Celtic *gʷrensos, *gʷrīnnso- = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc) grís = heat (of the sun), fire, embers
Middle Irish (Goídelc) grís, gríss = heat, fire, embers, hot ashes; glow, ardour, valour, passion
Irish (Gaeilge) gríos [ɡɾʲɪsˠ] = hot ashes, embers; heat, glow, ardour; rash, blotches (on skin)
gríosach = glowing
gríosóg = spark from embers, inflamed spot, rash
gríosóir = inciter, agitator
gríostaitneamh = burning, rosy, glow
gríosú = inflammation, incitement, stimulation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grìos [grʲiːs] = begging, entreaty; heat, embers, redness, inflammation, provocation
grìosad [grʲiəsəd] = begging, beseeching, entreating, cursing, swearing, stirring up a fire, provoking
Manx (Gaelg) gree [ɡriː] = heat
greeshagh = arouse (passions), arousing, vibrant, ember
greeshaghey = to aggravate, chivvy, set on, whip up, arouse (passions)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwres, ywres, gỼres = heat, warmth
guressaei = to heat, warm
guressauc, gwressawc = hot, very warm
gwresoca, gwresogi = to make warm or hot
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwres [ɡwreːs] = heat, warmth, hot weather, feverishness, itching; intensity (of feeling), passion, lust, vehemence, ardour, fervour, zeal, enthusiasm
gwresâf, gwresáu = to heat, warm
gwresio, gwresu = to become heated, heat, generate heat, emit warmth
gwresog = hot, very warm, summery, heat-giving, calorific
gwresogi = to make warm or hot, provide warmth, heat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gwres = heat
Middle Breton (Brezhonec) groès, groës = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwrez = heat, temperature, ardent, fervent, blazing
gwrezus = calorific
gwrezverk = temperature

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (warm, hot) [source]. English words from the same PIE root include furnace, gore, thermal and warm [source].

Proto-Celtic *teɸesmis/*tefesmi- = heat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tui, tvymyn, tỼym, twym [tuːɨ̯m/tʊi̯m] = warm, (quite) hot, infectious, fervent, intense, passionate, heated, unpleasant, dangerous, heat, fever
twymna, tỼymaỼ, twymo = to make/become warm or hot
twymder = warmness, warmth, hotness, heat
twymyn = fever
Welsh (Cymraeg) twym [tuːɨ̯m/tʊi̯m] = warm, (quite) hot, infectious, fervent, intense, passionate, heated, unpleasant, dangerous, heat, fever
twym(n)af, twym(n)o = to make/become warm or hot, to warm, to heat, to ferment
twymder = warmness, warmth, hotness, heat
twym(n)wr, twymydd = person or thing that warms, heater
twymyn = fever, warm drink
Old Cornish toim, tum = hot, warm, heated
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tom = hot, warm
tomder = heat, warmth
tomma = to make warm, to warm
tubm = hot, burning
tubma = to make hot, to heat, to warm
Cornish (Kernewek) tomm, tobm = hot, warm
tomm y wos, tobm y woos = hot-blooded
tomma, tobma = to warm, become warm
tommhe, tobmhe = heat, warm
tommheans, tobmheans = heating
tommheans ollvysel, tobmheans ollvesel = global warming
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tomm, toem, tuem = hot, warm, heat
toemaff, tomaff = to heat, to warm up
toemder, tomder = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg) tomm [tɔmː] = hot, warm
tommañ = to heat, to warm up, to be fond of, to become attached to
tommder = heat
tommerez = stove
tommerezh = boiler room

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm, to be hot) [source]. Words for fire in Celtic languages come from the same root.

Proto-Celtic *brutus = fermentation, boiling heat
Old Irish (Goídelc) bruth [bruθ] = boiling, fury, glow, heat, rage, vehemence
Middle Irish (Goídelc) bruth = (boiling) heat, blaze, glow, anger, fury, excitement, fervour, valour
bruthach = fiery, furious, vigorous
bruthmar = fiery, raging, furious, ardent
Irish (Gaeilge) bruth [bˠɾˠʊ(h)] = heat, rash, eruption, nap, pile, covering, surf
bruthach = hot, fiery, napped, fluffy
bruthaire = cooker
bruthán = (slight) rash
brufar = ardent, fiery, lively
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bruth [bruhθ] = hotness (of skin), hot and confined space, red-hot object, heat, fire
bruthainn [bruhɪn̪ʲ] = sultriness, sultry heat
bruthairneach [bruhər̪n̪ʲəx] = muggy, sultry, sweltry
bruich = to cook, boil
Manx (Gaelg) brooan = rash, eruption, skin disorder
Old Welsh brut = hot, warm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brytt, brwt, brwd = hot, warm, heat
brytio = to heat, warm, boil
Welsh (Cymraeg) brwd [bruːd] = hot, warm. heated, ardent, boiled, fervent, zealous, heat, brew(ing),
brwdfrydu = to enthuse, speak or feel with fervour
brwdfrydedd = zeal, enthusiasm, fervour, fanaticism
brwdfrydig = zealous, enthusiastic, fervent, ardent
brwdias = hot, heated, fiery, parboiling
brydio = to heat, warm, boil
Old Cornish bredion = to boil
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bredion, bridzhen = to boil
Cornish (Kernewek) bryjyon = to boil
bryjys = boiled
Old Breton brot = ember
Middle Breton (Brezonec) broud = ember, excitement
Breton (Brezhoneg) broud [bruːt] = ember, excitement
broudañ [bruˈdɑːdɛn] = to burn, scald
broudus [ˈbruːdys] = stimulant

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), from *bʰer- (to boil) [source]. Words for the same roots include bread, brew, broth, burn and fervor in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷoxtos = cooked, hot
Proto-Brythonic *poɨθ [ˈpoɨ̯θ] = cooked, hot
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) poeth = hot, burning
poethi = to heat, warm, burn, scorch, roast
Welsh (Cymraeg) poeth [poːɨ̯θ/pɔi̯θ] = hot, burning, fervent, intense, lustful, roast, cooked
poethaf, poethi = to heat, warm, burn, scorch, roast
poethder = heat, hotness, burning, inflammation, ardour, zeal, fervour
poethineb = passion, ardour, zeal, hot-headedness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) poth = hot
Cornish (Kernewek) pooth = hot, scorching
potha = to heat, scorch
Middle Breton (Brezonec) poaz = cooked, grilled, burning
poazat, poazet = to cook, bake
Breton (Brezhoneg) poazh [bruːt] = cooked, burned, burning
poazhadur = cooking, baking, roasting
poazhañ = cooking, baking, roasting
poazhat = cooked
poazherez = cooker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pokʷ-tó-s from *pekʷ- (to cook, ripen) [source]. Words for the same roots include apricot, biscuit, cook, cuisine and kitchen in English [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Calling Words

By Simon

Words for words, calls, cries and related words in Celtic languages.

words is various languages
Word cloud created with WordItOut

Proto-Celtic *gāri = shout, call
*garyeti = to cry, shout
*gar(r)man- = cry, shout
*garyo- = word, command
*garyos = call, cry
Gaulish *Garomaros / Garo-marus = personal name
adgarion = accuser (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons
gairid [ˈɡarʲiðʲ] = to call, cry out, summon
adgair [aðˈɡarʲ] = to summon
congair [konˈɡarʲ] = to call, summon; invite
dogair = to call
Middle Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession
gairid = to call
Irish (Gaeilge) gáir [ɡɑːɾʲ/ɡæːɾʲ] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh
gáire = to laugh
gáieach = laughing, smiling
gáieachtach = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry
gairm [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = call, calling, acclaim
(an tuiseal) gairmeach = vocative (case)
gairmí = professional
gairmiúil = vocational, professional
slua gairm = slogan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) goir [gɤrʲ] = to call, cry, hoot, crow
gàir [gaːrʲ] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour
gàir nan tonn = the roar of the waves
gairm [ɡɤrʲɤm] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel
gairmeachadh = (act of) calling
gairm-choileach = cock-crow
gairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh = war-cry
sluagh-gairm = slogan
tuiseal gairmeach = vocative case
Manx (Gaelg) gerr = crow, shout
gerr chah = war cry
gerrym = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation
gerrymagh = vocative
gerrymoil = professional, vocational
gerrym caggee = battle cry, call up, war cry
gerrym chellee = cock crow
sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic *gėr [ɡe̝ːr] = word, speech
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) geir = word
gaur, gawr = shout, cry
garddu = groan
garym, garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garymleis, garamleis = scream, clamour
Welsh (Cymraeg) gair [ɡai̯r] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise
geiriad = wording, phraseology, phrase
geiriadaf, geiriadu = to word, phrase, express
geiriadur = dictionary
geiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura = to compile a dictionary
geiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar
geiriadurwr = lexicographer, dictionary-maker
geiriog = wordy, verbose
garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garmlais = scream, clamour
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) garm = a cry, shout, outcry
garme = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out
Cornish (Kernewek) ger [ɡɛːr/ɡeːr] = word, saying, report
gerdhal = dyslexic
gerdhalni = dyslexia
gerlyver = dictionary
garm = to shout, whoop, yell
garm argemynna = (advertising) slogan
garm vresel = battle cry
garm wormola = ovation
garma = to cry out, whoop, yell
garma yn lowen = to cheer
Old Breton gerent = word. say
Middle Breton guer = word
garm = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry
garmadeg, garmadenn = clamour
garmer = to cry, crying, brawler
garmiñ = to cry, bellow, yelp
Breton (Brezhoneg) ger [ɡeːr] = word
geriadur = dictionary
garm = cry, clamour, weeping

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (to call,cry) [source]. The English words garrulous (excessively talkative), care and charm (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Ditches and Trenches

By Simon

Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages.

irrigation_ditch

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *klādos = trench
Gaulish Vindo-cladia = place name
Old Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad = ditch, dyke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad, clod = hole dug in the ground, trench
Irish (Gaeilge) cladh = ditch, trench
cladhach = ridged, furrowed
cladhaire = ditcher
claidh = to dig, build (as dike)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cladh [kl̪ˠɤɣ] = burial ground, cemetery, graveyard; ditch
cladh-uisge = (water) ditch
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) claud, clawd, clodyeu = mound, ditch, pit, bulwark
Welsh (Cymraeg) clawdd [ˈklaːu̯ð/ˈklau̯ð] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse
clawdd aur = gold mine
clawdd cerrig = stone wall
clawdd llanw = sea-wall, embankment
Clawdd Offa = Offa’s Dyke
cloddio = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate
clodd(i)wr, clawddwr = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator
mwynglawdd = mine, pit, shaft
mwyn i’r clawdd to be unsuccessful, fail (“to go to the ditch/wall”)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence
Cornish (Kernewek) kleudh = ditch
kleudhik = groove
kleudhya to dig a trench, ditch, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creux, cleus, cleuz = hollow, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg) cledh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂dos [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) clais, class = trench, pit, hollow, groove; streak, stripe, impression
Irish (Gaeilge) clais = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, gash, fosse, trough
clais anála = gullet, throat
clais an mhuiníl = hollow at nape of neck
clais ghainimh = sand pit
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) clais [kl̪ˠaʃ] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench
clais-mhara = sea channel
clais-bhlàir = trench
clais-mhór = gorge
clais-uisge = drain, drainage channel
Manx (Gaelg) clash = cleft, hollow, gorge, race, trench, vale, groove, channel, open furrow, rubbish tip
clash hrustyr = rubbish tip
clash ushtey = watercourse, moat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cleis, klais = bruise; groove, rut, ditch, trench
Welsh (Cymraeg) clais = bruise, wound; groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
clais clawdd = ditch alongside a hedge, road-side ditch
clais dŵr = ditch, trench, watercourse, water edge
clais (y) dydd = break of day, dawn, early morning

Etymology: unknown. Possibly from the Proto-Celtic *klādos (trench).

Irish (Gaeilge) díog = ditch, trench, drain
díogach = trenched, having trenches
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìg [dʲiːg] = ditch, dyke, drain
Manx (Gaelg) jeeg = ditch, moat, gutter, trench

Etymology: unknown.

Irish (Gaeilge) fos = prop, buttress, wall
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fos [fɔs] = ditch, wall, buttress (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) fos, foss = ditch, dike
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffos [fɔs] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit
ffos(i)af, ffosi(o) = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer
ffosedig = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined
ffos gaeedig = drain
ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd = roadside ditch
ffos ddyfrio conduit
ffos melin, ffos y felin = mill-race
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fos = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall
Cornish (Kernewek) fos = wall
paper fos = wallpaper
toll y’n fos = cash dispenser, ATM (“hole in the wall”)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) fos, foss, fôs = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed
Breton (Brezhoneg) foz = ditch, gap, sand trap
foz disac’hañ = rift (valley), collapsed ditch
foz-kronniañ = holding tank, retention pit

Etymology: from the Latin fossa (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from fossa terra (dug-up earth) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷantyos = flat hill, valley
Old Irish (Goídelc) céite = hill, mound, race-course, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) céide, céite = hill, mound, eminence, open space
Irish (Gaeilge) céide [ˈlʲɛtʲəɾʲ/ˈl̠ʲɛtʲəɾʲ] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cèide = market, fair, green, hillock
Pictish ᚘᚐᚅᚈ = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pant = hollow, depression, valley, dent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pant [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent
pant (y) llaw = palm of the hand
pant a thalar = hilla and dale, everywhere
pantiad = hollow, depression
pant(i)af, pantio, pantu = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle)
pant(i)og = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave
pantir = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland
pantlawr = uneven/concave floor
pantlle = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows
Cornish (Kernewek) pans = dell, dingle, hollow
Old Breton pantet = curved, curve
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pant = curved, curve, bend
Breton (Brezhoneg) pant = slope, hillside

Etymology: possibly from the PIE *kwem-t (hill)

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Beaches and Shores

By Simon

Words for beaches, shores and related things in Celtic languages.

Traeth Llanddwyn / Newborough beach

Proto-Celtic *trāgi- = beach, low tide
Old Irish (Goídelc) tráig = strand, shore, ebb tide
tráigid = to ebb
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tráigid = to ebb, recede
Irish (Gaeilge) trá [t̪ˠɾˠɔːɟ/t̪ˠɾˠɔː/t̪ˠɾˠæːj] = beach, strand, seashore, low water
leath-thrá = half-ebb (tide)
trábhaile = town(land) along strand, seaside resort
urtrá = foreshore
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tràigh [traːj] = (sandy) beach, strand, shore, (sandy) riverbank; low tide
muir-tràigh = low tide, low-water
tràigh-ghainmhich = sandy beach
tràigh-mhaoraich = beach where shellfish can be found
tràigh reothairt = spring (ebb) tide
Manx (Gaelg) traie [trɛi/trai] = beach, shore, sandy seashore, strand, neap tide
bayr traie = seafront
er-traie = ashore
traie gheinnee = sands, sandy shore
traie laaee / laaghey = mud flat
traie sluggee = quicksand
Proto-Brythonic *tragio = ebb
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) trei = ebb
Welsh (Cymraeg) trai = ebb tide, a draining
treio = to ebb, fall, drain, recede, retreat, diminish, reduce, ease, abate
trai a llanw = ebb and flow
ar drai = on the ebb
distyll trai = the low(est) ebb, low-water mark
Cornish (Kernewek) trig = low tide
Old Breton tre = ebb (tide)
Middle Breton tré, tref = ebb (tide)
Breton (Brezhoneg) tre, trec’h = ebb, backward surge

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land) [source], from trahō (I drag, extract) from the Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (to drag, pull) [source]

Proto-Celtic *traxtus = shore
Old Irish (Goídelc) tracht = strand, shore
Irish (Gaeilge) trácht = strand, beach (literary)
Proto-Brythonic *traɨθ = beach, sand
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) traeth = beach
Welsh (Cymraeg) traeth [traːɨ̯θ/trai̯θ/traːθ] = beach, (sea)shore, strand, coast, estuary, region, area
traeth awyr = cirrocumulus, mackerel sky
traeth byw / gwyllt / sugn = quicksand
traethwr = seaman, sailor
Old Cornish trait = beach
Middle Cornish traith, treath = beach
Cornish (Kernewek) treth = beach, sand, seashore
trethek = sandy
trethor = ferryman
trethvor = Riviera, seaside
Middle Breton traez = sand
Breton (Brezhoneg) traezh [tʁɛs] = sand, beach
traezhenn (sandy) beach
traezherez = sandy, sandblaster, sand speader, gritter

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land), either directly, or via the Proto-Celtic *traxtus (shore) [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Cloaks and Veils

By Simon

Words for cloak and related things in Celtic languages.

The Pumpkin Whisperer

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic linnā = veil, cloak
Gaulish linna = veil, cloak
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenn = cloak, mantle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lenn = cloak, mantle
Irish (Gaeilge) leann = cloak, mantle
Old Welsh lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Welsh (Cymraeg) llen [ɬɛn] = curtain, hanging, veil, screen, covering, canopy, tapestry, sheet, pall, mantle, shawl
llen amdo = winding-sheet, shroud
llen iâ = ice sheet
llen olaf = final curtain (after a theatrical performance)
llen rhwydog = net curtains
llen dân = safter curtain
Old Cornish len = blanket, cloth
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) len = blanket, cloak, whittle
Cornish (Kernewek) lenn = blanket, cloth
lenn dhu = blind
brithlen = tapestry
Breton (Brezhoneg) lenn = flag, coat
lenn-wele = bedspread, bed-cover

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *linom (flax) [source].

Proto-Celtic *brattos = cloak, mantle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bratt [ˈbr͈at] = cloak, mantle
brattach = banner, clothing, flag
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brat, bratt = cloak, mantle, cover, cloth
brattach = having a clock, mantled; clothing, shielf, banner, standard
Irish (Gaeilge) brat [bˠɾˠɑt̪ˠ / bˠɾˠat̪ˠ] = mantle, cloak, covering, curtain
brata (le) = carpeted, covered (with)
aerbhrat = atmosphere
brat brád = neckerchief
bratach = flag
bratóg = small cloak, covering, rag, flake
bratógach = ragged, in rags
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brat [brahd] = carpet, mat, cloak, mantle, cover(ing), sheet, drape, drapery
brat-cùil = backdrop
brat-deighe = ice-sheet
brat-dorais = doormat
brat-dubhair = awning
brat-dorais = tapestry
brat-gréise = bed cover, coverlet
brat-ùrlair = carpet, rug, mat
bratach = flag, banner, colours, ensign
Manx (Gaelg) brat = covering, cover, coat, layer, film, pall, curtain, cloak, sheet, wrap, coating
brat jaagh = smokescreen
brat laare = carpet
brat lhiabbagh = coverlet, bedcover
brat peintey = coat of paint
brattagh = banner, colour, ensign, flag
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brat, bratt = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore
brethyn, bredhyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
Welsh (Cymraeg) brat = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore (possibly borrowed from Irish)
brethyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
brethyn arwyl = funeral pall, bier-cloth
brethyn bord = tablecloth
brethyn cyfrwy = saddlecloth
brethyn neuadd = tapestry
Old Breton brothrac = skirt
Middle Breton broz = skirt
Breton (Brezhoneg) brozh = skirt
brozh-dan = petticoat, underskirt
korf-brozh = bodice, corset

Etymology: unknown [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Battle

By Simon

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

St Fagan's National Museum of Wales

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *katus = battle
*Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name)
*Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name)
Gaulish catu, katu = battle
Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, warlike
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, vehement
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = fighter, warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge) cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion
cathach = battling, warlike
cathaí = battler, fighter
cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt
cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare
cathach = warlike
cath nan con = dogfight
cath-thuagh = battle axe
blàr-catha = battlefield
gairm-chatha = warcry
cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg) cah = military action battle
crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser
caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic *kad = battle
*Kadüdɨɣern (male name)
*Kaduwallọn (male name)
Old Welsh Categern, Catigern (male name)
Cadwallawn (male name)
Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kad, kat = battle
Cattegirn (male name)
Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg) cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band
cad ar faes = at loggerheads
cadfan = battlefield
Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details]
Cadeyrn (male name)
Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cad, câs = battle, war
cadlys = camp, intrenchment
cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek) kas = armed conflict, battle, war
kasor, kasores = fighter
kasorek = militant
Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg) kad = battle
Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic *agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge) ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc
ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter
ármhach = slaughter
ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death
àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield
àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg) haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic *aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aer = battle, fight, war
aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader
aerbais = coat of mail
aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter
aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle
aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg) aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg) aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic)
aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic)
aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Wool

By Simon

Words for wool and related words in Celtic languages.

Glorious wool

Proto-Celtic *ulanā, *wlanā, *w(u)lāno-, *w(u)lano- = wool
Gaulish *wlanā = wool
Old Irish (Goídelc) olann [ˈolan͈] = wool
ollach = woolly
Irish (Gaeilge) olann [ˈɔlˠən̪ˠ] = wool, woolly hair, mop of hair; woollen
olanda = woolly
olannacht = woolliness
olanntáirgeach = wool-bearing
ollach = woolly, fleecy
ollacht = woolliness, fleeciness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) olann [ˈɔl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = wool (usually while on sheep)
ola = woollen, made of wool
olach = woolly, fleecy
Manx (Gaelg) ollan = wool
ollanagh, olley = woolly
ollanaght = woolliness
Proto-Brythonic *gwlan [ˈɡwlaːn] = wool
Old Welsh gulan = wool
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gluan, gwlan = wool
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlân [ɡwlaːn] = wool, down, soft hair, grass, herbage; woollen, soft, made of wool
gwlana = to gather wool, beg or solicit wool
gwlanen = flannel, face-cloth; man of weak character, spineless person, unreliable person
gwlanendra = softness, lack of backbone
gwlanenêd = flannelette
gwlanel = flannel
gwlanennaidd, gwlanennog = flannelly, flannel-like, soft; weak-willed, without backbone, spineless (person), unreliable
gwlanennu = to provide with woollen clothing
gwlanennwr, gwlanennydd = flannel-maker, woollen-manufacturer, flannel-merchant, woollen-draper
gwlanog = woollen
Old Cornish gluan = wool
Middle Cornish glan, glawn = wool
Cornish (Kernewek) gwlan = wool
gwlanek = woollen, woolly
Middle Breton glan, gloan = wool
Breton (Brezhoneg) gloan = wool
gloanaj, gloanenn = woollen garment / material
gloanegenn = cozy, soft, snug
gloanell = cotten

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (wool). The English word flannel comes ultimately from the Gaulish *wlanā, via Old French and Norman [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Hurdle Fences

By Simon

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

timeless gateway

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish *cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Wild

By Simon

Words for wild and related words, in Celtic languages.

Gleann Nam Fiadh ..

Proto-Celtic *wēdus/*weido- [ˈweː.dus] = wild
*weido-mokku- wild pig
Old Irish (Goídelc) fíad [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Irish (Gaeilge) fia [fʲiːɾˠ] = waste, wilderness; land, territory
fiabheatha = wildlife
fiáin = wild, uncultivated, undomesticated, uncontrolled, tempestuous, intensely eager
fiánta = wild, fierce, savage
fiántas = wildness, fierceness, savageness; wilderness
fiata = wild, fierce, angry; shy
fiatacht = wildness, fierceness, sternness, anger
fiatúil = wild, coarse, rough
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fiadh [fiəɣ] = lord; wildness, wilderness (archaic)
fiadhan [fiə.an] = wildness, shyness, feral
fiadhaich [fiə.ɪç] = untamed, uncultivated, wild; fierce; off (food & drink); extremely
fiadhaichead [fiə.ɪçəd] = savageness, wildness, savagery
fiadhain [fia.ɛn̯ʲ] = wild, untamed
fiadhtachd [fiəhdəxg] = wildness, fierceness
faoileachail [fɯːləxal] = wild, savage
Manx (Gaelg) feie = natural, wild, savage
faasagh = wild, desolate, wilderness, waste place, desert
feiar, feiaragh = savage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨð = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gŵydd, gvyd = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵydd [ɡuːɨ̯ð/ɡʊi̯ð] = wild, untamed, savage, untilled, uncultivated, woody, overgrown, desolate, desert; unploughed land, fallow land
Old Cornish guir = wild
Middle Cornish gwyr, guyr = wild
Cornish (Kernewek) goodh = wild
Old Breton guoid, guoed = wild
Middle Breton goez = wild
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouez = wild, fierce, ferocious, brutal, rustic

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ- (wood, wilderness). Words for Gael(ic) come from the same root [source].

Disambiguation
There are several words in Welsh similar to gŵydd, each of which has different meanings and origins:

  • gŵydd = wild, untamed, savage
  • gŵydd = presence, sight, face, from the Proto-Celtic *wēdos (sight, presence) [source]
  • gŵydd = goose, simpleton. From the Proto-Celtic *gesdā (goose) [source]
  • gŵydd = grave, sepulchre, burial-mound, tumulus. Possibly related to gwŷdd (tree), or to gŵydd (wild)
  • gwŷdd/gŵydd = knowledge, science. Related to gwybod (to know)
  • gwŷdd = tree(s), branches, twigs, forest, woods, shrub(s), lineage. From the Proto-Celtic *widus (wood, trees) [more details]
  • gwëydd/gwehydd/gwŷdd = weaver, composer of poetry, weaver of songs. From gwau (to weave), from the Proto-Celtic *wegyeti (to weave) [source]
Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis wild
Old Irish (Goídelc) geilt [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) geilt/gelt = madman, lunatic
Irish (Gaeilge) gealt [ɟal̪ˠt̪ˠ] = crazy person, lunatic; panic-stricken person, naked fugitive
gealtach = crazed, insane, wild, panic-stricken person or animal
gealtachas = craziness, lunacy, panic, terror
gealtacht = lunacy, insanity, wildness, panic
gealtlann = lunatic asylum
gealtra = (gang of) wild, mischievous children
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geilt [gʲeldʲ] = terror, fear, dread, skittishness
gaelachan [gʲal̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
tinneas na gealaich = lunacy, madness, insanity (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) doghanagh = ill, diseased, disoredered, morbid, sickly
eayst-ghoghanagh = lunatic
far-ghoghanagh = malingerer
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨlt [ˈɡwiːr] = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guyll, gwyllt = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyllt [ɡwɨːɬt/ɡwɪɬt] = wild, timid, untamed, angry, furious, fierce; uncultivated, uninhabited, desolate, desert; stormy, tempestuous, raging, turbulent
gwylltineb = wildness, rashness, rage, fury
gwylltio = to lose one’s temper, be scared, flee, grow wild
gwylltaidd = wildish, turbulent, unruly, irresponsible
gwylltâf/gwylltáu = to become wild, grow wild
Old Cornish guill = wild
Cornish (Kernewek) gwyls = wild, fierce, savage, violent
gwylvos = wilderness
Old Breton gueld = wild, untamed

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰel-t- [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)