Arrows

25th February 202225th February 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for arrows and related things in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	saiget [ˈsa.ɣʲəd] = arrow, dart, javelin saigetbolc = quiver saiget geláin (flash of) ligthning
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	saiget = arrow, dart, javelin
Irish (Gaeilge)	saighead [sˠəid̪ˠ/sˠeːd̪ˠ] = arrow, bolt, shaft, dart, pang, incitation saigheadmhar = arrow-like, sharp, piercing saighdeoir = archer, bowman, inciter saighdeoireacht = archery, (act of) spearing (fish)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	saighead [sajəd] = arrow, stabbing pain, knot (in wood) saigheadair [sajədɪrʲ] = arrow-maker, archer
Manx (Gaelg)	side = arrow, bolt, dart, shaft sideyr = archer sideyraght / sideyrys = archery
Proto-Brythonic	*saɣeθ = arrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	saeth = arrow
Welsh (Cymraeg)	saeth [saːɨ̯θ/sai̯θ] = arrow saethu = to shoot, fire, hit (a target), go shooting saethwr /saethydd = archer, bowman, shooter, marksman striker saethol = shooting, darting, radiating saethiad = shooting, shot, blast, projection, squirt, jet
Middle Cornish	seth = arrow
Cornish (Kernewek)	seth = arrow setha = to shoot sether = archer sethigow = darts
Middle Breth	saez = arrow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	saezh = arrow, sunbeam saezhataer / saezhour = Sagittarius

Etymology: from the Latin sagitta (arrow, shaft, bolt), proabably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language [source].

From the same root we get the Latin word sagittārius (armed with a bow and arrows; archer, bowman, fletcher) which became Sagittarius (a sign of the zodiac) and sagittary (centaur, archer, Sagittarius) in English [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Walls

15th February 202211th May 2023 By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for walls, weirs and related things in Celtic languages.

Irish (Gaeilge)	balla [ˈbˠal̪ˠə] = wall cúlbhalla = back wall idirbhalla = party wall uchtbhalla = parapet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	balla [bal̪ˠə] = wall balla-tòin = back wall balla-tarsainn = partition (wall) balla-dìon = protective wall, safety barrier
Manx (Gaelg)	boalley = bulwark, dyke, wall boallee = to wall, enclose, impale boallit = walled, dyked, enclosed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	wal/gwal = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg)	(g)wal [(ɡ)wal] = wall walio = to wall
Middle Cornish	gwal = wall

Etymology: from the Old English weall (wall, dike), from the Proto-Germanic *wallaz / *wallą (wall, rampart, entrenchment), from the Latin vallum (rampart, military wall), from vallus (stake, pallisade, point), from the Proto-Indo-European *welH-/*wel- (to turn, wind, roll) [source].

Words from the same roots include wall, wallow, well and valve in English, wal (coast, shore, earthen levee) in Dutch, Wall (rampart, parapet, earthwork, levee, embankment) in German, valla (fence, barricade, obstacle) in Spanish, and vall (moat) in Catalan [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	múr = wall
Irish (Gaeilge)	múr [mˠuːɾˠ] = wall, rampart, pile, building, dwelling, bank, mound, heap, mass, shower, profussion, abundance múrach = having walls, walled, mural múrdhathadóireacht = wall-painting múr báistí = rain-cloud, heavy fall of rain múr cathrach = city wall múr ceo = bank of fog múr tine = wall of flame, conflagration
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	mùr [muːr] = (defensive) wall, rampart, fortification
Proto-Brythonic	*mʉr = wall
Old Welsh	mur = wall
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mur = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mur [mɨːr/miːr] = wall, rampart, fortification, defender murio = to build (a wall) to wall, fortify, lay bricks or stones muriog = walled, fortified, wall-like, defensive murlen = poster, placard murlun = mural, frieze
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mur = (exterior) wall

Etymology: from the Latin mūrus (wall), from the Proto-Italic *moiros, from the Proto-Indo-European *mey- (to fix, to build fortifications or fences) [source].

Words from the same roots include mere (boundry, limit) in English, mur (wall) in French, muro (wall) in Italian, and muur (wall, barrier) in Dutch [source].

Proto-Celtic	*wraga = ?
Gaulish	*brāca = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fraig = wall (interior)
Irish (Gaeilge)	fraigh = (interior of) wall, rafters, roof fraighfhliulch = damp-walled, damp from contact with a wet wall (of clothes) fraighleach = roofing, rafters
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fraigh [frɤj] = partition, partitioning wall, border, edge, fringe, shelf fraighnidh [frɤin̪ʲɪ] = water oozing through a wall

Etymology: unknown

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	paret, parwyt = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pared = wall, surface of a wall, dividing-wall, partition
Old Cornish	poruit = wall

Etymology: from the Latin pariēs (the wall of a house or room). Words from the same roots include parete (wall, side, surface) in Italian, pared (wall) in Spanish, and paroi (inner wall, inside surface, side) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic	*koret = palisade, wall
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cora = weir
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cora = stone fence, weir
Irish (Gaeilge)	cora [ˈkɔɾˠə] = weir, rocky crossing-place in river, rocky ridge extending into sea or lake cora éisc = fish weir cloch chora = stepping-stone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	caradh [karəɣ], cairidh [karʲɪ] = weir, mound (in a body of water) cairidh-iasgaich = fishing weir
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kored, cored, coret = weir, dam, fishgarth
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cored = weir, dam
Old Breton	kored / gored = fish weir
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kored = fish weir

Etymology: uncertain – possibly related to the German word Hürde (hurdle) and/or the Old English word *hyrd (framework, door), which is the root of the English word hurdle.

The usual word for wall in Cornish is fos, which is cognate with words for ditch in other Celtic languages. See Ditches and Trenches.

Another word for wall in Breton is moger. See Fields, Meadows and Pastures.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Knowledge

19th January 202219th January 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at words for knowledge, and related words, in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*wissus = act of discovering, finding out, knowledge
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fius(s) [fʲiu̯s] = knowledge, information, message
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	fis(s) [fʲis] = knowledge, information, message
Irish (Gaeilge)	fios [fʲɪsˠ] = knowledge feasach / fiosach = knowing, knowledgeable, well-informed fiosaigh = to know fiosaíocht = occult knowledge, clairvoyance fiosrach = inquiring, inquisitive fiosraigh = to inquire fiosraitheoir = inquirer, inquisitive person, visitor fiosrú = inquiry, visitation fiosúil = knowing, knowledgeable, well-mannered, well-spoken ainbhiosach = ignorant, stupid uilefheasach = omniscient uilefhios = omniscience bean/cailleach feasa = wise woman, fortune-teller fear feasa = seer, soothsayer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fios [fis] = knowledge, information, notice, notification, indication, news fiosrach = (well-)informed, aware, learned, versed, knowledgeable fiosraich = to ascertain, find out, inquire fiosaiche = prophet, fortune-teller, soothsayer, seer, scout ainbhiosach = ignorant, illiterate ainbhiosrach = ignorant, unintelligent uil-fhiosrach = all-knowing, omniscient uil-fhiosrachd = omniscience
Manx (Gaelg)	fys = advice, cognisance, cognition, information, intelligence, knowledge, notice fysseraght = inquisitiveness, premonition, supernatural knowledge fysseree = clairvoyance, data, foreknowledge, information, prescience, science; communications; knowledge, inquisition fyssoil = knowing ooilley-fysseragh = omniscient ooilley-fysseraght = omniscience
Proto-Brythonic	*gwɨs = knowledge, research
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guys / gwys = summons, citation, call to arms
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwŷs [ɡwɨːs/ɡwiːs] = summons, writ, call to arms, citation, notice

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see, discover) [source], which is also the root of such English words as wise, wit, view, vision, video, guide, druid and history [source].

Proto-Celtic	*windeti = to find, experience
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ro·finnadar [r͈oˈfʲin͈aðar] = to find out, discover, to know
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	finnaid [ˈfʲin͈əðʲ/ˈfʲin͈əɣʲ] = to find out
Irish (Gaeilge)	fionn [fʲɪsˠ] = to ascertain, discover fionnadh = ascertainment, discovery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fionn [fjũːn̪ˠ] = to flay, skin; examine, look, see, know by investigation fionnadh = flaying, skinning, trying, searching, examining
Manx (Gaelg)	feddyn = to find feddyn magh = to ascertain, determine, dig out, discover
Proto-Brythonic	gwɨs = knowledge, research gwɨbod [ɡwɨˈboːd] = knowing, to know
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guys / gwys = summons, citation, call to arms guibit / guybi / gvybot / gwybot = to know
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwybod = to know, perceive, be aware of, discern gwybodaeth = knowledge, acquaintance, perception, familiarity, cognition, comprehension
Cornish (Kernewek)	godhvos = ability, knowledge; to acknowledge, can, know; to be qualified to godhvos a = to know about godhvedhys = known
Old Breton	gudbut = to know
Middle Breton	gouzuout = to know
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gouzout = to know gouiziegezh = knowledge, erudition, acquaintance

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *windo- (to find, experience), from the PIE root *weyd- (see above) [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Mysterious Secrets

13th January 202225th June 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for secret and mystery, and related words, in Celtic languages.

Secret words

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*rūnā = secret, mystery, magic
Gaulish	Cobrunus = personal name
Leptonic	Runatis = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc)	rún [r͈uːn] = mystery, secret rúnde [ˈr͈uːn͈de] = mysterious, mystical
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rún, rúun, rúin = something hidden or occult, a mystery, mystic or hidden meaning, a secret, secret thoughts or wishes, intention, purpose, design
Irish (Gaeilge)	rún [ɾˠuːnˠ] = mystery, secret, intention, purpose, resolution, love, affection rúnach = darling, sweetheart; runic, secret, mysterious rúnaí = secretary, confidant, secretary-bird rúnchara = confidant(e) rúnda = mystical, mysterious, secret, confidential rúndacht = secrecy rúnmhar = close, secretive rúnscríbhin = runic script, secret writing, cipher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	rùn [r̪ˠuːn] = secret, intention, design, resolution, motive, purpose, desire, love rùnach = secretarial, mysterious, mystical, beloved, runic rùnag = small secret, dearie, sweetie rùnaire = secretary rùinean = small secret, quietly
Manx (Gaelg)	roon = confidence, obstinacy, viciousness, malice, spite, resentment, rune roonagh = stubborn, secret, vindictive, perverse, malicious, malignant, vicious, ill intentioned, runic
Proto-Brythonic	*rrin = mystery
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rin = mystery, charm
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhin [r̥iːn] = secret, mystery, miracle; privacy, intimacy, intercourse; enchanment, magic spell, charm, sorcery, witchcraft, rune; virtue, attribute, property, quality, essence; secret, private, mysterious, occult rhin(i)af / rhin(i)o = to whisper, speak secretly, charm, enchant, secrete rhiniwr = charmer, enchanter, sorcerer, magician rhinaidd = obscure, profound, enchanting rhinwedd = virtue, rectitude, moral excellence, nature, quality cyfrin = mysterious, esoteric; mystic, mystery, secret. cyfrinach = secret, mystery, deliberation
Cornish (Kernewek)	rin = mystery kevrin(ek) = secret
Middle Breton	rin = secret, wisdom

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-/*rēwH- (to roar, grumble, murmur, mumble, whisper). The Proto-Germanic word *rūnō (secret, mystery, rune) and related words in modern Germanic languages, including rune in English and Dutch, and runa (rune) in Swedish, possibly come from the same Proto-Celtic root, or from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic	kowdo- = hiding place, concealment koudeti = hide
Proto-Brythonic	*kʉðɨd = to hide
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cud = concealment, covering, hidden
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cudd [kɨð/kɪð] = concealment, hiding-place, secrecy, covering, veil; concealed, hidden, dark, hiding cuddedig = hidden, concealed, unknown, covered,mysterious, secret, dark cuddfa = hiding-place, retreat, hoard cuddiad = a hiding, concealment, secret cuddio = to hide, conceal, bury, cover
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cudhe, cidha, citha, cudhb = to hide, conceal, cover cudhygyc = one that conceals himself, bashful, ashamed
Cornish (Kernewek)	kudh = concealed, hidden, secret kudha (rag) = to conceal, hide (from) kudhlen = cover, veil kudhoberys = underhand kudhva = hideout, lair kudhys = veiled
Middle Breton	cuzaff = secret, confidential
Breton (Brezhoneg	kuzh = secret, confidential kuzh(iadell) / toull-kuzh = hiding place kuzhat = to hide (oneself) kuzhet = masked kuzhadur = eclipse, blanking, concealment kuzhuter = confidant(e)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- from *(s)kewH- (to hide, cover, wrap). Words from the same roots include custodian, hide, house, hut and sky in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*sanestos = secret (advice), whisper, counsel, history
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sana(i)s = advice, counsel, whisper, privacy
Irish (Gaeilge)	sanas [ˈsˠanˠasˠ] = whisper, hint, suggestion, gloss, glossary sanasaí = etymologist sanasaíocht = etymology
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sanas [ˈsanəs] = notice, sign, signal, warning, hint, cue, whisper sanasach = warning, hinting
Manx (Gaelg)	sannish = whisper, hint, allusion, suggestion sansheraght = to whisper, annunciate, speak under breath, whispering
Proto-Brythonic	*hanes = history, secret
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hanes = history, secret
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hanes [ˈhanɛs/ˈhanas] = history, chronicle, tale, account, narrative, record, report, intelligence; secret, mystery, whisper, murmur hanesaf / hanesu = to narrate/write history hanesydd = historian, historiographer, chronicler
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	hanas = a low sound, whisper
Cornish (Kernewek)	hanas = groan, murmur, sigh, whisper hanasa = to groan, murmur, sigh, whisper

Etymology: uncertain [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Heat

21st December 20211st December 2023 By Simon

Words for heat, warmth and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*texstus = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tess = heat, warmth
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	tess, tes = heat, warmth, sultriness, fervour, zeal aintes = excessive heat tesbach, teasbhach = heat, warmth, sultriness, ardour, fury, illess, fever tessach = feverish heat, fever tessaide = hot, warm, sultry tessaigid = to warm, heat
Irish (Gaeilge)	teas [tʲasˠ/tʲæsˠ] = heat, hotness, warmth; warm clothing, warm place; degree of hotness; high temperature, feverishness; ardour, passion; hottest, highest, stage teasach = feverish heat, fever teasaí = hot, warm; ardent, passionate; hot feverish; hot-tempered, fiery teasaíocht = heat, warmth; ardour, passion; feverishness; hot temper, fire teasaire = heater
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	teas [tʲes] = heat, hotness; temperature; heating (in metallurgy) teas-mheidh = thermometer teasach = fever, restlessness (caused by heat), mo(u)lt; thermal teasadair / teasraiche / teasachan = heater
Manx (Gaelg)	çhiass = heat, warmth çhiassveih = thermometer çhiasseyder = radiator, heater, warmer çhiassid = hotness, temperature çhiassagh = febrile, feverish
Proto-Brythonic	tes = heat, warmth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tes = heat, warmth
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tes [teːs] = heat (of the sun), warmth, (period of) warm weather, sunshine, (heat) haze, mist cynes [ˈkənɛs] = warm (from cyn (co-) and tes) tesaint = passion, zeal; heat, warmth teser = (heat) haze tesiad = a warming tesio, tesiaf = to shine (of the sun) tesog = hot, sunny, close sultry
Old Cornish	tes = heat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	tes = heat, warmth
Cornish (Kernewek)	tes = heat tesa = to heat tesek = hot tesel = thermal
Old Breton	tes = heat
Middle Breton (Brezhonec)	tez, tès = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tes = heat

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm, to be hot) [source]. Celtic words from fire come from the same PIE root via the Proto-Celtic *teɸnets (fire) [source]

The English word tepid comes from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic	*teɸents = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	té, tee [tʲeː] = hot, warm; lustful, wanton; comfortable, sheltered; fervent; fierce, keen
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	té, te = warm, hot, comfortable, sheltered, fervent, fierce, keen, bold
Irish (Gaeilge)	te [tʲɛ] = hot, warm; pungent; ardent, hot-tempered, vehement, hotfoot; affectionate, comfortable teobhlasta = hot (spicy) teochroí = warm-heartedness, warmth, affection teochroíoch = warm-hearted teocht = warmth, heat, temperature teofholach = warm-blooded alathe = lukewarm téamh = heating, warming, distillation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	teth [tʲeh] = hot ain-teth = scorching, exceedingly hot, ardent, vehement, eager, inflamed
Manx (Gaelg)	çheh = fevered, fervent, heated, hot, impassioned, passion, sexually precocious, thermal, warm çhiow = to warm up, warm, warming up, inclined, yearned, heat,warmed

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm) [source].

Proto-Celtic	gʷrensos, gʷrīnnso- = heat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	grís = heat (of the sun), fire, embers
Middle Irish (Goídelc)	grís, gríss = heat, fire, embers, hot ashes; glow, ardour, valour, passion
Irish (Gaeilge)	gríos [ɡɾʲɪsˠ] = hot ashes, embers; heat, glow, ardour; rash, blotches (on skin) gríosach = glowing gríosóg = spark from embers, inflamed spot, rash gríosóir = inciter, agitator gríostaitneamh = burning, rosy, glow gríosú = inflammation, incitement, stimulation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	grìos [grʲiːs] = begging, entreaty; heat, embers, redness, inflammation, provocation grìosad [grʲiəsəd] = begging, beseeching, entreating, cursing, swearing, stirring up a fire, provoking
Manx (Gaelg)	gree [ɡriː] = heat greeshagh = arouse (passions), arousing, vibrant, ember greeshaghey = to aggravate, chivvy, set on, whip up, arouse (passions)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gwres, ywres, gỼres = heat, warmth guressaei = to heat, warm guressauc, gwressawc = hot, very warm gwresoca, gwresogi = to make warm or hot
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwres [ɡwreːs] = heat, warmth, hot weather, feverishness, itching; intensity (of feeling), passion, lust, vehemence, ardour, fervour, zeal, enthusiasm gwresâf, gwresáu = to heat, warm gwresio, gwresu = to become heated, heat, generate heat, emit warmth gwresog = hot, very warm, summery, heat-giving, calorific gwresogi = to make warm or hot, provide warmth, heat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwres = heat
Middle Breton (Brezhonec)	groès, groës = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwrez = heat, temperature, ardent, fervent, blazing gwrezus = calorific gwrezverk = temperature

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (warm, hot) [source]. English words from the same PIE root include furnace, gore, thermal and warm [source].

Proto-Celtic	teɸesmis/tefesmi- = heat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tui, tvymyn, tỼym, twym [tuːɨ̯m/tʊi̯m] = warm, (quite) hot, infectious, fervent, intense, passionate, heated, unpleasant, dangerous, heat, fever twymna, tỼymaỼ, twymo = to make/become warm or hot twymder = warmness, warmth, hotness, heat twymyn = fever
Welsh (Cymraeg)	twym [tuːɨ̯m/tʊi̯m] = warm, (quite) hot, infectious, fervent, intense, passionate, heated, unpleasant, dangerous, heat, fever twym(n)af, twym(n)o = to make/become warm or hot, to warm, to heat, to ferment twymder = warmness, warmth, hotness, heat twym(n)wr, twymydd = person or thing that warms, heater twymyn = fever, warm drink
Old Cornish	toim, tum = hot, warm, heated
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	tom = hot, warm tomder = heat, warmth tomma = to make warm, to warm tubm = hot, burning tubma = to make hot, to heat, to warm
Cornish (Kernewek)	tomm, tobm = hot, warm tomm y wos, tobm y woos = hot-blooded tomma, tobma = to warm, become warm tommhe, tobmhe = heat, warm tommheans, tobmheans = heating tommheans ollvysel, tobmheans ollvesel = global warming
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	tomm, toem, tuem = hot, warm, heat toemaff, tomaff = to heat, to warm up toemder, tomder = heat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tomm [tɔmː] = hot, warm tommañ = to heat, to warm up, to be fond of, to become attached to tommder = heat tommerez = stove tommerezh = boiler room

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm, to be hot) [source]. Words for fire in Celtic languages come from the same root.

Proto-Celtic	*brutus = fermentation, boiling heat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bruth [bruθ] = boiling, fury, glow, heat, rage, vehemence
Middle Irish (Goídelc)	bruth = (boiling) heat, blaze, glow, anger, fury, excitement, fervour, valour bruthach = fiery, furious, vigorous bruthmar = fiery, raging, furious, ardent
Irish (Gaeilge)	bruth [bˠɾˠʊ(h)] = heat, rash, eruption, nap, pile, covering, surf bruthach = hot, fiery, napped, fluffy bruthaire = cooker bruthán = (slight) rash brufar = ardent, fiery, lively
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bruth [bruhθ] = hotness (of skin), hot and confined space, red-hot object, heat, fire bruthainn [bruhɪn̪ʲ] = sultriness, sultry heat bruthairneach [bruhər̪n̪ʲəx] = muggy, sultry, sweltry bruich = to cook, boil
Manx (Gaelg)	brooan = rash, eruption, skin disorder
Old Welsh	brut = hot, warm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	brytt, brwt, brwd = hot, warm, heat brytio = to heat, warm, boil
Welsh (Cymraeg)	brwd [bruːd] = hot, warm. heated, ardent, boiled, fervent, zealous, heat, brew(ing), brwdfrydu = to enthuse, speak or feel with fervour brwdfrydedd = zeal, enthusiasm, fervour, fanaticism brwdfrydig = zealous, enthusiastic, fervent, ardent brwdias = hot, heated, fiery, parboiling brydio = to heat, warm, boil
Old Cornish	bredion = to boil
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	bredion, bridzhen = to boil
Cornish (Kernewek)	bryjyon = to boil bryjys = boiled
Old Breton	brot = ember
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	broud = ember, excitement
Breton (Brezhoneg)	broud [bruːt] = ember, excitement broudañ [bruˈdɑːdɛn] = to burn, scald broudus [ˈbruːdys] = stimulant

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), from *bʰer- (to boil) [source]. Words for the same roots include bread, brew, broth, burn and fervor in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kʷoxtos = cooked, hot
Proto-Brythonic	*poɨθ [ˈpoɨ̯θ] = cooked, hot
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	poeth = hot, burning poethi = to heat, warm, burn, scorch, roast
Welsh (Cymraeg)	poeth [poːɨ̯θ/pɔi̯θ] = hot, burning, fervent, intense, lustful, roast, cooked poethaf, poethi = to heat, warm, burn, scorch, roast poethder = heat, hotness, burning, inflammation, ardour, zeal, fervour poethineb = passion, ardour, zeal, hot-headedness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	poth = hot
Cornish (Kernewek)	pooth = hot, scorching potha = to heat, scorch
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	poaz = cooked, grilled, burning poazat, poazet = to cook, bake
Breton (Brezhoneg)	poazh [bruːt] = cooked, burned, burning poazhadur = cooking, baking, roasting poazhañ = cooking, baking, roasting poazhat = cooked poazherez = cooker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pokʷ-tó-s from *pekʷ- (to cook, ripen) [source]. Words for the same roots include apricot, biscuit, cook, cuisine and kitchen in English [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Grace and Favour

10th December 202118th August 2024 By Simon

Words for grace, virtue and related words in Celtic languages.

Words for grace and virtue in Celtic languages

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*ɸratom = grace, virtue, good fortune
Old Irish (Goídelc)	rath = gift, goods, grace, luck, property, prosperity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rath(a) = grace, virtue, gift, good luck, fortune, prosperity
Irish (Gaeilge)	rath [ɾˠɑh/ɾˠa/ɾˠah] = bestowal, grant, grace, favour, gift, bounty; prosperity; abundance; usefulness, good rathaigh = to prosper, succeed, thrive, make successful rathúil = prosperous, successful, thriving; fortunate, lucky rathúlacht = prosperousness, successfulness rathúnas = prosperity, plenty, abundance rathúnasach = prosperous, abundant anrath = ill-luck anrathach = unlucky
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	rath [r̪ˠa] = good fortune/luck, prosperity, success rathadach = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous rathmhor = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous rathach = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous droch-rath = back luck/fortune
Manx (Gaelg)	raah, rah = good luck, prosperity, well-doing raah mie = prosperity ard-raah = zenith of prosperity gyn raah = unsuccessful cur rah er = to prosper
Old Welsh	rat = grace, blessing, favour,
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rat, rad = grace, blessing, favour,
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhad [r̥aːd] = grace, blessing, favour, generosity, bounty, goodness, graciousness, talent, gift; cheap, free, unpaid, valueless, poor, inferior, gracious, giving, generous rhad ac am ddim = free (of charge), without cost, unpaid rhad Duw = the grace of God, God’s blessing rhad fel baw / rhad mochyn = dirt cheap yn rhad = as a gift, free (of charge), unpaid, cheaply, freely, unrestrained rhadaf, rhadu = to bestow grace upon, bless, give generously, to make cheap rhadineb = grace, graciousness rhadwr = generous man
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ras, râs, = grace, thanks, worth, value, excellence mêr râs = thank you, much thanks rasow = graces, excellencies
Cornish (Kernewek)	ras = virtue meur ras = thank you rasek = graceful diras = graceless
Old Breton	rad = thought, reflection
Breton (Brezhoneg)	rat = thought, reflection

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸar-/*ɸarnati (to bestow), from the Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (bestow, give) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include pare (to remove the outer covering or skin of something with a cutting device) in English, paràre (to adorn, protect, shield) in Italian, parar (to stop, put up, lift, raise) in Spanish, and parod (ready, prepared) in Welsh [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Parts and Portions

2nd December 202120th July 2024 By Simon

Words for part, portion, piece, thing and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*rannā = part
Old Irish (Goídelc)	rann = part (of a whole) randatu = the property of belonging to a part of speech rannaid = to divide (into parts), to apportion ranngabáil = participle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rann, rand, ran, rán = part, lot, portion, faction, alliance
Irish (Gaeilge)	rann [ɾˠanˠ] = part, side (in dispute), partition rannach = apportioning, sharing, open-handed rannadóir = divider, sharer rannán = division rannóg = section rannpháirt = participation, part, share roinn = share, portion, distribution, dealing, trading, division
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	rann [r̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = stanza, quatrain, verse, bond, deed, division, part, portion, section rann-phàirt = participation, portion, participle roinn [r̪ˠɤin̪ʲ / r̪ˠɤn̪ʲə] = dividing, partitioning, section, share, allotment, partition, department, division roinneadair = divider, divisor, sorter
Manx (Gaelg)	rheynn = divide, classify, distribute, dispense, share fo-rheynn = section so-rheynn = divisible
Proto-Brythonic	*rrann = part
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rann = part
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhan [r̥an] = part (of something), portion, division, element, constituent, component rhanadwy = divisible, dividend rhanedig = shared (out), divided, parted, split, separate rhannu = to divide, separate, part, divide
Old Cornish	radn = part, portion
Cornish (Kernewek)	radn = lot, part, portion, role, share ranna = to share
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	rannaff = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
Breton (Brezhoneg)	rann [rãnː] = part, fraction, division, slot rannañ [ˈrã.nːã] = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split ranned [ˈrã.nːet] = dividend ranngalon [ʁɑ̃nˈɡɑːlɔ̃n] = deep sorrow, desolation, heartbreak rann

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *per- (to sell) [source], which is also the root of such English words as depart, jeopardy, parcel, part, partition and portion [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kʷezdis = piece, portion
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cuit [kudʲ] = part, portion, share cuit adaill, cuit adíll = a passing visit, a brief visit cuitigid = to share, partake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cuit = share, part, portion cuit(gi)d = to share, partake, participate
Irish (Gaeilge)	cuid [kɪdʲ] = part (of whole), share, portion, some, cuideach = wealthy, prosperous cuideachta = company, companionship, social amusement, fun cuideachtaigh = to bring together, associate cuideachtúil = companionable, sociable cuideachtúlacht = sociableness cuidí = component cuidigh = to share, help, requite, repay (usually for misdeed), do for, do away with cuiditheoir = helper, supporter, seconder cuidiú = to help, assistance cuidiúil = helpful, cocky, conceited
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cuid [kudʲ] = portion, share, allotment, ration, effects, means, belongings, some (people), accommodation, victuals cuid-eigin [kudʲegʲɪn] = someone, somebody cuideachail [kudʲəxal] = helpful, constructive, subsidiary cuideachair [kudʲəxɛrʲ] = auxiliary, helper cuideachas [kudʲəxəs] = help, suppprt cuideachd [kudʲəxg] = company, society, throng, troop; also, too, jointly, together cuideachdadh [kudʲəxgəɣ] = accompanying cuideag [kudʲag] = small portion / share
Manx (Gaelg)	cooid = certain, some, stuff, assets, goods, helping, means, part, possessions, proportion, resources cooidjagh = accompanying, jointly, together, inclusive cooidjaghtagh = companion, companionable
Gaulish	*pettiā, = (?)
Pictish	*ᚚᚔᚈ (pit) = (a parcel of) land, a portion (?) – found in placenames like Pitlochry
Proto-Brythonic	*peθ = part
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	ped = thing, object
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	peth = thing, object
Welsh (Cymraeg)	peth [peːθ] = thing, object, material, suff, substance, device, instrument, personal possessions, belongings, tools, equipment, something, anything peth(eu)ach = (unimportant) things, trifles pethdod = thingness, thinghood, reality, substantiality petheiddio = to reify, make real or concrete
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	peth, pêth, peyth, pŷth = thing, something, article pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek)	pyth, peth [pɪːθ / pɛθ] = commodity, material, matter, possession, property, thing, that which, what, appliance pyth ha da, peth ha da = possessions pythek, pethek = concrete pythow, pethow = belongings, wealth
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pez, pezz = piece, bit, part
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pezh [peːs] = piece, bit, room, part, what pezhiad = (big) piece, piece (of) pezhig = (an) ugly piece

Etymology: unknown, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source [source]. Words from the same roots via Gaulish *pettyā and Latin pettia (piece, portion), include piece in English, pièce (room, patch, piece, play, document) in French, peza (piece, fragment, part) in Galician, pieze (piece, part) in Spanish, biisi (song) in Finnish, and ピース (pīsu – piece) in Japanese [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	písa, pissa = piece, fragment, coin
Irish (Gaeilge)	piosa [ˈpʲiːsˠə] = piece, bit, patch, piece-work, literary or musical composition, coin piosaáil = to piece together, patch
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	pìos [piːs] = bit, piece, sandwich, piece, (musical) composition, hunk (person) pìosach [piːsəx] = in pieces / fragments pìosail [piːsal] = sexy, attractive pìosan [piːsan] = small piece / bit
Manx (Gaelg)	peesh = bit, cutting, patch, piece, length (of thread), parcel
Cornish (Kernewek)	pis = piece

Etymology: from Middle English pece (piece, morsel, bit), from Anglo-Norman piece (piece, bit, part), from Late Latin petttia (piece, portion), from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (piece, portion) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic	darnos, darnā = piece, part
Old Irish (Goídelc)	drécht [dʲrʲeːxt] = portion, part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	drecht, drécht = part, portion, section; poem, literary composition dréchtach = numerous; skilled in song or poetry dréchtfaid = to divide up
Irish (Gaeilge)	dréacht [dʲɾʲeːxt̪ˠ]= part, portion, draft, detachment, number; (literary) piece, composition; draft dréachtach = composer, poet; skilled in/diligent at compostion dréachtaigh = to draft dréachtín = versicle, stanza dréachtóir = drafter, draughtsman (of documents)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dreachd [drɛxg] = draft dreachd-aithisge = draft report dreachd-dhealbh = working drawing
Manx (Gaelg)	draght, dreaght = draft draghtey = to draw up dreaght feeleeaght = a piece of poetry
Gaulish	*darnā = piece
Proto-Brythonic	*darn = piece (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	darn = piece, fragment, part darnaw, darnio, darnu = to break or tear in pieces
Welsh (Cymraeg)	darn [darn] = piece, fragment, part, coin, passage darn(i), darnu = to break or tear in pieces darn(i)edig = broken or torn to pieces darniog = broken, shattered, fragmentary
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	darn = fragment, piece pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek)	darn = bit, fragment, part, piece darnas = portion
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	darn = fragment, part darnaou = broken, very tired darnaouet = torn to pieces, very tired, bored
Breton (Brezhoneg)	darn [peːs] = fragment, part, some darnan, darnañ = to fragment, chip, shorten darnaou = broken, very tired darnaouin = to break darnek = partial

Etymology: from PIE *der- (to split, separate, tear, crack, shatter). The French word darne (steak, fillet) was borrowed from Breton darn (fragment, part, some). Words from the same PIE root include dermal, tear and tier in English, and tirar (to throw) in Spanish, zehren (to live on, feed on, undermine, wear out) in German, and драть [dratʲ] (to tear to pieces) in Russian [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Calling Words

9th November 202113th September 2024 By Simon

Words for word, call, cry and related things in Celtic languages.

words is various languages
Word cloud created with WordItOut

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	gāri = shout, call garyeti = to cry, shout gar(r)man- = cry, shout garyo- = word, command *garyos = call, cry
Gaulish	Garomaros / Garo-marus = personal name* adgarion = accuser (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gairm = call, name, summons gairid [ˈɡarʲiðʲ] = to call, cry out, summon adgair [aðˈɡarʲ] = to summon congair [konˈɡarʲ] = to call, summon; invite dogair = to call
Middle Irish (Goídelc)	gairm = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession gairid = to call
Irish (Gaeilge)	gáir [ɡɑːɾʲ/ɡæːɾʲ] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh gáire = to laugh gáieach = laughing, smiling gáieachtach = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry gairm [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = call, calling, acclaim (an tuiseal) gairmeach = vocative (case) gairmí = professional gairmiúil = vocational, professional slua gairm = slogan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	goir [gɤrʲ] = to call, cry, hoot, crow gàir [gaːrʲ] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour gàir nan tonn = the roar of the waves gairm [ɡɤrʲɤm] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel gairmeachadh = (act of) calling gairm-choileach = cock-crow gairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh = war-cry sluagh-gairm = slogan tuiseal gairmeach = vocative case
Manx (Gaelg)	gerr = crow, shout gerr chah = war cry gerrym = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation gerrymagh = vocative gerrymoil = professional, vocational gerrym caggee = battle cry, call up, war cry gerrym chellee = cock crow sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic	*gėr [ɡe̝ːr] = word, speech
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	geir = word gaur, gawr = shout, cry garddu = groan garym, garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour garymleis, garamleis = scream, clamour
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gair [ɡai̯r] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise geiriad = wording, phraseology, phrase geiriadaf, geiriadu = to word, phrase, express geiriadur = dictionary geiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura = to compile a dictionary geiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar geiriadurwr = lexicographer, dictionary-maker geiriog = wordy, verbose garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour garmlais = scream, clamour
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	garm = a cry, shout, outcry garme = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out
Cornish (Kernewek)	ger [ɡɛːr/ɡeːr] = word, saying, report gerdhal = dyslexic gerdhalni = dyslexia gerlyver = dictionary garm = to shout, whoop, yell garm argemynna = (advertising) slogan garm vresel = battle cry garm wormola = ovation garma = to cry out, whoop, yell garma yn lowen = to cheer
Old Breton	gerent = word. say
Middle Breton	guer = word garm = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry garmadeg, garmadenn = clamour garmer = to cry, crying, brawler garmiñ = to cry, bellow, yelp
Breton (Brezhoneg)	ger [ɡeːr] = word geriadur = dictionary garm = cry, clamour, weeping

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (to shout, call) [source]. The English words garrulous (excessively talkative), care and charm (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic	*woxtlom = dispute
Old Irish (Goídelc)	focul [ˈɸokul] = word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	focal, foc(c)ull, focla, facul = word, vocable, phrase, estimate, award, judgement, promise
Irish (Gaeilge)	focal [ˈfˠɞkəl̪ˠ/ˈfˠɔkəlˠ] = word, phrase, remark, observation, saying, intelligence, message, promise, assurance focalhbhá = ellipsis … foclach = wordy, verbose foclachas = wordiness, verbiage focleolaí = philologist focleolaíoch = philological focleolaíocht = philology foclóir = dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary foclóireacht = lexicography foclóireolaíocht/strong> = lexicology foclóirí = lexicographer foclóirín = word-list, vocabulary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	facal [faxgəl̪] = word, comment, remark facal air an fhacal = word for word, literally, verbatim facal-faire = password facal-fhreumhail = etymology facal-mùirne = an endearment facal-toisich = introduction, preamble
Manx (Gaelg)	fockle [ˈfɔːɡəl] = word, charm, vocable focklagh = wordy, verbose, voluble, loquacious focklaghys = wordiness, verbiage fockleyr = dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus fockleyragh = lexicographic fockleyreen = vocabulary, wordbook fockleyreyder = lexicographer fockleyrys = lexicography
Proto-Brythonic	*gwoɨθl = dispute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gwaethyl = debate, dispute, contention, battle gwaethyl uann, gwaethyluann = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving gwaethyl gwyr = fighter, warrior
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwaethl = debate, dispute, contention, battle gwaethlfan = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving gwaethlwr = fighter, warrior gwaethl =

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from *wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include advocate, epic, vocal, voice, vouch and , vowel in English; gewagen (to report, notify) in Dutch; voce (voice, call, word) in Italian; and उक्ति (ukti – saying, expression) in Hindi [source].

Proto-Celtic	*brētrā = word, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bríathar [ˈbʲrʲiːa̯θər] = word, speech, utterance, verb, discourse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bríathar, briathor = word, utterance, talk, saying, speech, discourse, blessing, prayer, curse, promise, vow, pledge, verb bríathardae = wordy, verbal bríatharach = wordy, verbose bríathad = act of speaking bríatharaigid = to speak, pronounce
Irish (Gaeilge)	briathar [ˈbʲɾʲiəhəɾˠ / ˈbʲɾʲiːhəɾˠ] = word, verb briathartha = verbal briathrach = wordy, verbose briathrachas = wordiness, verbosity briathraíocht = diction
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	briathar [brʲiəhər] = word, term briathrail [brʲiəral] = loquacious, talkative, wordy, verbose briathrach [brʲiərəx] = talkative, loquacious, wordy, verbose
Manx (Gaelg)	breear = verb breearagh = verbal
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	brwyder, brwydyr = battle brwydraw = to battle, fight, struggle, attack brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious brwydyrdaer = resolute in battle, fighting with all one’s might brwytyrgar, brwydyrgar = delighting in fighting, eager for battle, bellicose brwydryar = tumult of battle, battle-cry brwydr-wr = fighter, warrior, combatant
Welsh (Cymraeg)	brwydr [ˈbrʊɨ̯dr / ˈbrʊi̯dr] = pitched battle, conflict, attack, campaign, struggle, bother, dispute, controversy, host, army brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious brwydro = to battle, fight, struggle, attack brwydrwr = fighter, warrior, combatant

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (to strike, pierce) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include boren (to) bore in English, (to drill) in Dutch, and foràre (to pierce, puncture) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic	*galw-o- = call
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gláed = shout, loud call gláedach = noisy, blustering, adjective gláedid = to cry out, name; verb gláedem = wolf glegrach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gláed, glaid = shout, loud call gláedach = calling, crying out, shouting, noisy, blustering gláedid = to cry out, to name glegrach = noisy, resounding, clamorous
Irish (Gaeilge)	glao [ɡl̪ˠeː/ɡlˠiː] = call, shout glaoch = calling, to call glaoigh = to call, cry out, shout glaoiteach = calling, vociferous glaomaire = loud-mouthing, vociferous, boastful person glaomaireacht = shouting, bragging, boastfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	glaodh [gl̪ˠɯː] = cry, shout, yell, proclamation glaodhach [gl̪ˠɯː.əx] = crying, shouting, yelling glaodhaire [gl̪ˠɯː.ɪrʲə] = crier, loudspeaker glaodhar [gl̪ˠɯː.ər] = noise, rattling, clang, clash glaodhte = cried, shouted, yelled
Manx (Gaelg)	gyllagh = calling, crying gyllaghey = to cry, roar, shout
Proto-Brythonic	*gėlwɨd = to call
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	galw = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation gelwi, galw, galwaf = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite galwedic, galwedig = called, named, summoned galwedigaeth, galwedygaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
Welsh (Cymraeg)	galw [ˈɡalu / ˈɡaːlu] = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation galwad = a calling, call, shout, sounding galwaf, galw, gelwain = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite galwdig = called, named, summoned galwdigaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation galwdigaethol = vocational, occupational, professional
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	galow = a call, invitation gelwel, gylwel = to call (for), invoke, name
Cornish (Kernewek)	galow = appeal, call, calling, invitation, vocation galwansek = vocational galwen = call galwesigeth = calling, profession, vocation galwesik = professional gelwel = to call, appeal, invite, summon
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	galu = appeal, summons
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	galu = appeal, summons gueruell, gueluer = to call, summon
Breton (Brezhoneg)	galv [ˈɡalw/ˈɡalɥ/ˈɡalf] = appeal, summons galvedigezh [ɡalveˈdiːɡɛs] = vocation, calling galvel, galven, galver, gervel = to call, summon

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gal(o)s- (voice, cry). The English word call comes from the same PIE root, as do galsas (sound, echo) in Lithuanian, голос [ˈɡoɫəs] (voice, word, remark, vote) in Russian, hlas (voice, vote) in Czech, and gallo (rooter, cockerel) in Spanish [Source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Ditches and Trenches

3rd November 202131st August 2024 By Simon

Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	klado- = to dig, bury klādos = trench kladeti = to dig, thrust kladyā = digging
Gaulish	Vindo-cladia = place name
Old Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clad = ditch, dyke claide [ˈkla.ðʲe] = to dig con·claid = to dig, excavate do·claid = to dig up, uproot claidid = to dig
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clad, clod = hole dug in the ground, trench claide = digging, trenching, ditch, trench, excavation claidid = to dig, excavate, undermine clas = ditch, trench, furrow, pit, cooking-pit, burning-pit, grave
Irish (Gaeilge)	cladh = ditch, trench (literary) cladhach = ridged, furrowed cladhaire = ditcher claidh = to dig (a trench), build (a dike) clais [klˠæʃ] = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, deep cut, gash, put, trough, soft mass, large quantity clasach = channelled, trenched, grooved, gashed clasaigh = to channel, trench, gash, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cladh [kl̪ˠɤɣ] = burial ground, cemetry, graveyard, ditch cladhach [kl̪ɤ.əx] = digging, dig, excavation clais [kl̪ˠaʃ] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench claiseach [kl̪ˠaʃəx] = furrowed, grooved, fluted, abounding in trenches/ditches claisean [kl̪ˠaʃan] = small furrow, small groove, small ditch, drain claisearachd [kl̪ˠaʃərəxg] = ditching, act of digging a ditch clais-mhòr = gorge
Manx (Gaelg)	clash = channel, cleft, gorge, hollow, furrow, trench, sewer clashal = to trench clashag = furrowed, grooved
Proto-Brythonic	*klėðɨd [kle̝ˈðɨːd] = to dig, thrust
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	clad, clat = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave cladedic, kladdedig = buried, interred, dug up cladedigaeth, klydigeth = burial, funeral claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground cladu, kladu, kladdy, cladv = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow cleis, clais = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cladd = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave claddedig = buried, interred, dug up claddedigaeth = burial, funeral claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground claddu [ˈklaðɨ̞/ˈklaːði] = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow, stab, pierce clais [klai̯s/klai̯ʃ] = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet clawdd [ˈklaːu̯ð/ˈklau̯ð] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse cloddio = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate clodd(i)wr, clawddwr = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator mwyn i’r clawdd to be unsuccessful, fail (“to go to the ditch/wall”)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cledh, clêdh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence cladhva = a burying place ancledhy = to bury, inter ancledhyas, anclydhyas, encledhyes = burial, funeral
Cornish (Kernewek)	kleudh = ditch kleudhik = groove kleudhya = to dig a trench, ditch, excavate ynkleudhva = cemetry, graveyard ynkleudhyans = burial, funeral ynkleudhyas = to bury, inter ynkleudhyer / ynkleudhyores = funeral director, undertaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	clud = hollow
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	creux, cleus, cleuz = hollow, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kleuz [kløː(s)] = hollow, slope, earth embankment, fence (of earth), hedge (of thorns, etc) kleuziad kleuz(i)añ [ˈkløː.z(i)ã] = to dig kleuzier

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh- (to beat, break) [source].

Irish (Gaeilge)	díog = ditch, trench, drain díogach = trenched, having trenches
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dìg [dʲiːg] = ditch, dyke, drain
Manx (Gaelg)	jeeg = ditch, gutter, moat, trench jeeig = conduit, cut, ditch, drain, gully, put, trench, waterway, sewer jeeigagh = ditched jeeigit = ditched, drained

Etymology: unknown.

Irish (Gaeilge)	fos = prop, buttress, wall
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fos [fɔs] = ditch, wall, buttress (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	fos, foss = ditch, dike
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ffos [fɔs] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit ffos(i)af, ffosi(o) = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer ffosedig = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined ffos gaeedig = drain ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd = roadside ditch ffos ddyfrio conduit ffos melin, ffos y felin = mill-race
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	fos = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall
Cornish (Kernewek)	fos = wall paper fos = wallpaper toll y’n fos = cash dispenser, ATM (“hole in the wall”)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	fos, foss, fôs = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed
Breton (Brezhoneg)	foz = ditch, gap, sand trap foz disac’hañ = rift (valley), collapsed ditch foz-kronniañ = holding tank, retention pit

Etymology: from the Latin fossa (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from fossa terra (dug-up earth) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kʷantyos = flat hill, valley
Old Irish (Goídelc)	céite = hill, mound, race-course, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	céide, céite = hill, mound, eminence, open space
Irish (Gaeilge)	céide [ˈlʲɛtʲəɾʲ/ˈl̠ʲɛtʲəɾʲ] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cèide = market, fair, green, hillock
Pictish	ᚘᚐᚅᚈ = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pant = hollow, depression, valley, dent
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pant [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent pant (y) llaw = palm of the hand pant a thalar = hilla and dale, everywhere pantiad = hollow, depression pant(i)af, pantio, pantu = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle) pant(i)og = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave pantir = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland pantlawr = uneven/concave floor pantlle = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows
Cornish (Kernewek)	pans = dell, dingle, hollow
Old Breton	pantet = curved, curve
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pant = curved, curve, bend
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pant = slope, hillside

Etymology: possibly from the PIE *kwem-t (hill)

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Beaches and Shores

26th October 202126th October 2021 By Simon

Words for beaches, shores and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*trāgi- = beach, low tide
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tráig = strand, shore, ebb tide tráigid = to ebb
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	tráigid = to ebb, recede
Irish (Gaeilge)	trá [t̪ˠɾˠɔːɟ/t̪ˠɾˠɔː/t̪ˠɾˠæːj] = beach, strand, seashore, low water leath-thrá = half-ebb (tide) trábhaile = town(land) along strand, seaside resort urtrá = foreshore
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tràigh [traːj] = (sandy) beach, strand, shore, (sandy) riverbank; low tide muir-tràigh = low tide, low-water tràigh-ghainmhich = sandy beach tràigh-mhaoraich = beach where shellfish can be found tràigh reothairt = spring (ebb) tide
Manx (Gaelg)	traie [trɛi/trai] = beach, shore, sandy seashore, strand, neap tide bayr traie = seafront er-traie = ashore traie gheinnee = sands, sandy shore traie laaee / laaghey = mud flat traie sluggee = quicksand
Proto-Brythonic	*tragio = ebb
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	trei = ebb
Welsh (Cymraeg)	trai = ebb tide, a draining treio = to ebb, fall, drain, recede, retreat, diminish, reduce, ease, abate trai a llanw = ebb and flow ar drai = on the ebb distyll trai = the low(est) ebb, low-water mark
Cornish (Kernewek)	trig = low tide
Old Breton	tre = ebb (tide)
Middle Breton	tré, tref = ebb (tide)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tre, trec’h = ebb, backward surge

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land) [source], from trahō (I drag, extract) from the Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (to drag, pull) [source]

Proto-Celtic	*traxtus = shore
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tracht = strand, shore
Irish (Gaeilge)	trácht = strand, beach (literary)
Proto-Brythonic	*traɨθ = beach, sand
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	traeth = beach
Welsh (Cymraeg)	traeth [traːɨ̯θ/trai̯θ/traːθ] = beach, (sea)shore, strand, coast, estuary, region, area traeth awyr = cirrocumulus, mackerel sky traeth byw / gwyllt / sugn = quicksand traethwr = seaman, sailor
Old Cornish	trait = beach
Middle Cornish	traith, treath = beach
Cornish (Kernewek)	treth = beach, sand, seashore trethek = sandy trethor = ferryman trethvor = Riviera, seaside
Middle Breton	traez = sand
Breton (Brezhoneg)	traezh [tʁɛs] = sand, beach traezhenn (sandy) beach traezherez = sandy, sandblaster, sand speader, gritter

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land), either directly, or via the Proto-Celtic *traxtus (shore) [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)

Arrows

Walls

Knowledge

Mysterious Secrets

Heat

Grace and Favour

Parts and Portions

Calling Words

Ditches and Trenches

Beaches and Shores