Battle

15th September 202112th June 2024 By Simon

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	katus = battle Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name) Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name*)
Gaulish	catu, katu = battle Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish	ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion cathach = bellicose, warlike cathaigecht = warfare cathaige = warrior cathaigid = to fight, give battle cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion cathach = bellicose, vehement cathaigecht = warfare cathaige = fighter, warrior cathaigid = to fight, give battle cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge)	cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion cathach = battling, warlike cathaí = battler, fighter cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare cathach = warlike cath nan con = dogfight cath-thuagh = battle axe blàr-catha = battlefield gairm-chatha = warcry cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg)	cah = military action battle crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic	kad = battle Kadüdɨɣern (male name) Kaduwallọn (male name*)
Old Welsh	Categern, Catigern (male name) Cadwallawn (male name) Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kad, kat = battle Cattegirn (male name) Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band cad ar faes = at loggerheads cadfan = battlefield Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details] Cadeyrn (male name) Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cad, câs = battle, war cadlys = camp, intrenchment cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek)	kas = armed conflict, battle, war kasor, kasores = fighter kasorek = militant Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton	Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kad = battle Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge)	ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter ármhach = slaughter ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg)	haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic	*aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh	hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	aer = battle, fight, war aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader aerbais = coat of mail aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg)	aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish	hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg)	aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic) aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic) aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Gaulish, German (Deutsch), Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Old Welsh (Kembraec), Primitive Irish, Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Kisses

8th September 20218th September 2021 By Simon

Words for kisses and related words in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) póc [poːɡ] = kiss

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) póc = kiss

Irish (Gaeilge) póg [pˠoːɡ / pˠɔːɡ] = (to) kiss
pógagh = kissing
pógaire = kisser
flaspóg smacking kiss

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pòg [pɔːg] = (to) kiss
pògach = pertaining to or abounding in kisses, given to kissing
pògag = little kiss
pògan, pòigean = little kiss, smack
pòg Sgalpach = French kiss

Manx (Gaelg) paag [ɡiː] = (to) kiss
paagag = peck (kiss)
paagagh = osculant, osculatory
paagey = kissing, kiss, truss, osculate, osculation
paageyr = kisser

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pocyn, poccyn = kiss

Welsh (Cymraeg) pocyn = kiss, loud kissing noise
impoc, impogpacs

Old Cornish poccuil = kiss

Breton (Brezhoneg) pok = kiss
pokat = to kiss

Etymology: from the Latin phrases (dare) pācem (to give peace) – originally a kiss as a sign of peace during a mass, or from ōsculum pācis (kiss of peace) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cussan, kussan, kusan = kiss

Welsh (Cymraeg) cusan [ˈkɨ̞san/ˈkɪsan] = kiss
cusanu = to kiss, touch lightly
cusan bwbach = sore/scab on lip or cheek (“goblin’s kiss”)

Cornish (Kernewek) kussyn = kiss

Etymology: from the Old English cyssan (to kiss) – from the Proto-Germanic *kussijaną (to kiss), probably of onomatopoeic origin [source].

Other words for kiss include sẁs [sʊs] in Welsh, amm / abm and bay in Cornish, and bouch in Breton. Sẁs is onomatopoeic, and the origin of the other words is not known.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Cornish, Old English (Ænglisc), Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Germanic, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), Words2 Comments

Oxen

26th August 202126th August 2021 By Simon

Words for oxen and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *uksōn = ox, stag

Old Irish (Goídelc) oss = elk, deer, stag

Irish (Gaeilge) os [ɔsˠ/ʌsˠ] = deer (literary)
oiseoil [ˈɛʃˌoːlʲ/ˈɪʃˌoːlʲ] = venison
oisín [əˈʃiːnʲ/ˈɔʃiːnʲ/ˈʌʃinʲ] = fawn (young deer)
Oisín = name, and a character in Irish myths
oisín róin = young seal
osbhuí = fawn (colour)

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) os [os] = deer
oisfheoil [ɔʃjɔl] = venison

Proto-Brythonic *uxī = ox

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ych, ich = ox

Welsh (Cymraeg) ych [ɨːχ/iːχ] = ox
ych gwyllt = wild ox, bison, buffalo
gwin yr ych = spring-water (“wine of the ox”)

Cornish (Kernewek) oghen = oxen

Old Breton ohen = ox

Breton (Brezhoneg) och’en = ox

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (bull) [source].

Proto-Celtic *damos = ox, bull, domesticated animal
*dametos = sheep

Old Irish (Goídelc) dam [daṽ] = ox, stag, hero, champion

Irish (Gaeilge) damh [d̪ˠaw] = ox, stag; strong man, champion, corpulent person
damh alla = stag
damh comhair = one of a pair of oxen, yokefellow; equal, peer
damháire = bellowing, lowing (of oxen), belling (of stag)
damhán = small ox
damhra = oxen, yoke of oxen; stags, herd of deer

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) damh [dav] = stag (antlered, up to 4 yrs old), ox, oaf, crab missing a claw
damh-féidh = hart, stag
cho dall ri damh ann an ceò = as blind as a bat in daylight (“as blind as an ox in the fog”)

Manx (Gaelg) dow = ox, hart, stag

Proto-Brythonic *daβ̃ad = sheep

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dauat, davad = sheep

Welsh (Cymraeg) dafad [ˈdavad/ˈdaːvad] = sheep, ewe; one who is under the charge of a spiritual pastor
defaid cymorth = sheep given to a needy person to form the nucleus of a flock
dafad ddu = black sheep, prodigal son, ne’er do-well of a family
defaid Dafydd Jos = waves, billows (“David Jones’ sheep”)
mynd yn draed defaid = to go to ruin (“to become sheep’s feet”)

Old Cornish dauat = sheep

Cornish (Kernewek) davas = ewe, sheep
kig davas = mutton

Breton (Brezhoneg) dañvad [ˈdãː.vat] = sheep; overly kind, gentle person; cuckold, flock; small, fluffy clouds, foamy waves
dañvadez = ewe

Etymology: the Brythonic words come from *dametos, which comes from *damos. Both these words come from the Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (to domesticate, tame) [source]. The English words tame, (in)domitable and danger come from the same PIE root [source].

More sheep and deer related words.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Animals, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Hurdle Fences

4th August 202122nd February 2023 By Simon

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle

Gaulish *cleta = hurdle

Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork

Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis

Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler

Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle

Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle

Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter

Old Cornish cluit = hurdle

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate

Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack

Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle

Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), Dutch (Nederlands), English, Etymology, Gaulish, German (Deutsch), Irish (Gaeilge), Italian (italiano), Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Spanish (español), Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Kitchens

30th July 20215th January 2024 By Simon

Words for kitchens and related words in Celtic languages.

Middle Irish (Goídelc) cisten = kitchen

Irish (Gaeilge) cistin [ˈcɪʃtʲənʲ] = kitchen, cook-house
cistineach = culinary
cistin phoiblí = soup kitchen
cistin taistil = travelling kitchen
cúlchistin = back-kitchen, scullery
sorn cistine = cooker

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cidsin/citsin [kʲidʲɪn/kʲiʃdʲɪn] = kitchen
cidsin-dubh = scullery
cidsineach/citsineach = culinary, pertaining to or abounding in kitchens

Manx (Gaelg) kishteen = cookhouse
kishteen cooyl = back kitchen
sorn kishteen = cooking range, cooker

Etymology: from Middle English kychyn (kitchen, cooking, cuisine), from Old English cyċene [ˈky.t͡ʃe.ne] (kitchen), from Proto-West-Germanic *kukinā (kitchen), from Late Latin cocīna (kitchen), from coquīna (cooking, cookery, kitchen). from Latin coquō (to cook, prepare food, ripen, roast), ultimately from PIE *pekʷ- (to cook, become ripe) [source].

English words from the same roots include kitchen, cook, cuisine, biscuit and kiln [source].

Proto-Brythonic *kėgin = kitchen

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kegyn, kecyn = kitchen

Welsh (Cymraeg) cegin [ˈkɛɡɪn/ˈkeːɡɪn] = kitchen
cegin(i)af, cegin(i)o = to cook, prepare food
ceginaidd = culinary, commonplace
cegindy = eating-house, cook-shop
ceginfa = galley
ceginiaeth = cookery, the culinary art, cuisine
ceginol = culinary
ceginwaith = kitchen work, cookery
ceginwas = scullion, kitchen-knave
ceginwr / ceginwraig = cook
cegin gefn/fach = back kitchen
cegin groes = scullery
cegin orau = parlour, sitting-room

Old Cornish keghin = kitchen

Cornish (Kernewek) kegin [ˈkɛɡɪn] = kitchen
kegina = to cook
keginer / keginores = chef
keginieth = cookery

Breton (Brezhoneg) kegin = kitchen
keginañ = to cook, culinary
keginer = cook, chef cooker
keginerezh = cooking, cuisine
keginouriezh = art of cooking, culinary art, cuisine

Etymology: from the Vulgar Latin cucīna (cooking, kitchen), from the Latin coquō (to cook), from the Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (to cook, become ripe) [source].

Manx (Gaelg) shamyr aarlagh / shamyr aarlee = kitchen, galley, caboose
shamyreen aarlee = kitchenette
sorn aarlee = kitchen range
greieyn aarlee = kitchen utensils

Etymology: from shamyr (room) and aarlee (to cook, prepare, train) [source].

Incidentally, one of the rivers near Bangor is called Afon Cegin (see below), which I’ve always thought meant ‘Kitchen River’, and wondered what it had to do with kitchens. However, cegin also means green woodpecker or jay, and is cognate with the Breton kegin (jay). Or it can mean ridge or hog’s back. The River of the Green Woodpecker / Jay, sounds more poetic and likely than the Kitchen River.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Cornish, Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), Words1 Comment

Country and Land

23rd July 202128th October 2022 By Simon

Words for land, country and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *tīros = dry land, land, earth
*wo-tīro- = piece of land

Old Irish (Goídelc) tír = land, country, territory, ground
Tír inna n-Óc = (mythical) Land of Youth

Irish (Gaeilge) tír [tʲiːɾʲ] = country, land, state, nation; region, district. territory, rural district, country native, ordinary
tírdhreach = landscape
tíreach = native, of the country
tíreachas = domesticity
tíreánach = mainlander
tíreolaí = geographer
tíreolaíocht = geography
tírghrá = patriotism
tírghrách = patriotic
tírghráthóir = patriot
Tír na nÓg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tìr [tʲiːrʲ] = land, country, territory
tìreach = countryman, patriot
tìr-eòlas = geography
tìr-ghràdhaiche = patriot
tìr-mór = mainland, continent
Tìr nan Òg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
àrd-tìr = highland

Manx (Gaelg) çheer = land, country, state, territory, shore
çheeragh = native
çheer-ghraihagh = patriotic
çheer-oayllee = geographer
çheer-oaylleeaght = geography
çheer vooar = mainland
çheer yalloo = landscape
Çheer ny Aeg = (mythical) Land of Youth

Proto-Brythonic *tir [ˈtiːr] = land

Old Welsh tir = land

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tir, tyr = land

Welsh (Cymraeg) tir [tiːr] = land, ground, soil, turf, estate, open land, region, territory, domain, country, earth, ridge
tiriaf, tirio = to land, come ashore, disembark, arrive, reach
tir(i)og = landowning, landed
tiriogaeth = territory, realm, district, tract, (piece of) land
tiriogaethol = territorial
tirwedd = landscape, scenery, (geographic) relief

Cornish (Kernewek) tir = land, earth
tira = to land, come ashore
tiredh = territory
tirlanow = landfill
tir meur = mainland
tirnos = landmark
tirwedh = landscape
konna tir = peninsula
penn tir = headland

Breton (Brezhoneg) tir = land
penn-tir = headland

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os/tḗrs (to heap up, increase, enlarge) [source].

Proto-Celtic *wlatis = sovereignty, rule
*walo- = prince, chief
*walatro- = ruler

Old Irish (Goídelc) flaith [flaθʲ] = lordship, sovereignty, rule, kingdom, realm, prince, ruler
flaithem = prince, ruler
flaithemail = princely, munificent
flaithemnacht = rule
flaithemnas, flaithius = rule, sovereignty
flaithiúlacht = princeliness, munificence, lavishness, generosity

Irish (Gaeilge) flaith [fˠlˠah/fˠlˠa] = lordship, sovereignty, ruler, prince, lord, chief
banfhlaith = princess
flaithbheartach = princely, generous
flaithbhile = princely scion, noble champion
flaitheas = rule, sovereignty, kingdom, realm
flaitheasach = heavenly, celestial
co-fhlaitheas = confederation
flaithiúil = princely, munificent, lavish, generous
flaithiúlach = lavish, generous
flaithiúnta = sovereign, heavenly
mì-fhlathail = ignoble

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) flath [fl̪ˠah] = king, prince, ruler, noble
banfhlath = wife of a chieftain, noblewoman
flath-shonas [fl̪ˠahənəs] = dominion, kingdom, heaven, the heavens
flathail = noble, gallant, patrician, princely, majestic; blithesome
mì-fhlathail = ignoble

Manx (Gaelg) flah = prince, potentate
flaunys = heaven, utopia, paradise

Proto-Brythonic *gwlad [ˈɡwlaːd] = sovereignty, country
*gwlėdig = civil, secular, established, national
*gwaladr [ɡwaˈladr̩] = ruler

Old Welsh gulat = country, realm

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gulat, gulad, gwlat, gwlad = country, realm

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlad [ɡwlaːd/ɡlaːd] = country, land, province, region, district, kingdom, realm, domain; nation, the people of a country
gwaladr = ruler, sovereign
gwladaidd = rural, rustic countrified, homely, plain, mean, poor, boorish, vulgar, rough, clumsy, awkward
gwladiath = native tongue, mother tongue
gwladwr = countryman, peasant, rustic, compatriot, inhabitant, citizen
gwledig = rural
rhyngwladol = international

Old Cornish gulat = country

Cornish (Kernewek) gwlas = country
gwlaskar = patriotic
gwlaskarer / gwlaskarores = patriot
gwlaskarenja / gwlaskerensa = patriotism
gwlaskor = kingdom, realm

Old Breton guletic = prince

Middle Breton gloat = kingdom, wealth
gloedic = count

Breton (Brezhoneg) glad [ɡlɑːt] = inheritance, heritage, patrimony

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis/*h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from *h₂welh₁- (to rule, strong, powerful) [source].

Proto-Celtic *talamū = earth

Gaulish *talamon = ?

Old Irish (Goídelc) talam [ˈtalaṽ] = earth, (dry) land, country, soil, dirt, clay

Irish (Gaeilge) talamh [ˈt̪ˠɑlˠəvˠ/ˈt̪ˠalˠə/ˈt̪ˠalˠu] = earth, ground, land, dry land, soil, soild base (for discussion, understanding)
talamhchreathach = seismic
talamhchrith = earthquake
talamhiata = land-locked
talamhluas = ground speed

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) talamh [tal̪ˠav] = earth, ground, Earth
talamh bàn = fallow/unmanured ground
talamh-dearg = tiled soil, ploughed land
talamh-làidir, talamh-glas = unploughed land
talamh-rèisg = marshy/boggy ground
talamh-àitich = arable land, cultivable land

Manx (Gaelg) thalloo = country, land, shore, terrain, territory, clod, earth, ground , soil
thallooinaghey = to earth, earthing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (ground) [source]. The French surname Talmont, and the placenames Talmont-sur-Gironde and Talmont-Saint-Hilaire come from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Gaulish *talamon, and the Latin Talamone / Talmun.

Words from the same PIE root include tellurian (of or relating to the earth) in English, тло [tɫɔ] (background, environment, ground, basis) in Ukrainian, потолок [pətɐˈɫok] (ceiling, upper limit, roof) in Russian, tło [twɔ] (background) in Polish, तल [t̪əl] (bottom, level, storey, floor) in Hindi [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, French (français), Gaulish, Hindi (हिन्दी), Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Old Welsh (Kembraec), Polish (polski), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Russian (Русский), Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Ukrainian (Українська), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

River Mouths

8th July 202124th September 2021 By Simon

Words for estuary / mouth (of a river) in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *adberos = mouth, confluence (of a river)

Pictish *ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (aber) = mouth, confluence (of a river)

Old Irish (Goídelc) abar [ˈfʲilʲi] = confluence, river mouth

Irish (Gaeilge) abar [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = boggy ground, morass
abarach = boggy, muddy, sloughy
abracht = boggy place

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abar / obar = confluence, place where two or more streams meet; marsh, bog, fen

Manx (Gaelg) aber = range, pasturage, river mouth, bunker, run

Proto-Brythonic *aber [aˈbɛːr] = mouth, confluence (of a river)

Old Welsh) oper, aper = estuary, mouth of a river

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aber = estuary, mouth of a river

Welsh (Cymraeg) aber [ˈabɛr/ˈaːbɛr] = river mouth, estuary, confluence, bay, harbour, port, anchorage

Old Cornish aber = estuary, mouth of a river

Cornish (Kernewek) aber = river mouth

Old Breton aperou = estuary, mouth of a river

Breton (Brezhoneg) aber = estuary, mouth of a river, confluence, creek

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ad- (to(wards), at) and *beros (bearer, flow) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) *in(d)ber = river mouth

Irish (Gaeilge) inbhear / inbhir [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = river mouth, estuary, firth
inbhearach = having many estuaries

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) inbhir [in̪ʲɪrʲ] = estuary, river mouth, (internet) feed

Manx (Gaelg) inver = estuary, river mouth

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *endo-ber-o (carrying in) [source].

Notes
These words appear mainly in placenames such as Aberaeron, Abererch, Aberffraw, Abergavenny (Y Fenni), Abergynolwyn, Aberystwyth, Abergwaun (Fishguard), Aberhonddu (Brecon), Aberteifi (Cardigan), Aberdaugleddau (Milford Haven), Aberpennar (Mountain Ash) and Abertawe (Swansea) in Wales.

Aberdeen (Obar Dheathain) , Aberfeldy (Obar Pheallaidh), Aberfoyle (Obar Phuill), Abernethy (Obar Neithich), Arbroath (Aber Brothaig), Invergowrie (Inbhir Ghobharaidh), Inverkeithing (Inbhir Chèitinn), Inverness (Inbhir Nis), Inbhir Nàrann (Nairn), Inbhir Pheofharain (Dingwall), Inbhir Ùige (Wick) in Scotland.

Aber/Obar appear used in Scottish placenames of Pictish origin, and may have been borrowed from Pictish. Inbhir/Inver appear in other placenames [source].

More details of placenames featuring Aber and Inver.

Old Irish (Goídelc) gáeth = the sea, a stream, an estuary

Irish (Gaeilge) gaoth [ɡeːh / ɡiːh] = inlet of sea, estuary
Gaoth Dobhair [ɡiːˈd̪ˠoːɾʲ] = Gweedore (a parish in County Donegal)

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geodha [gʲɔ.ə] = inlet, cove, gully (by the sea), indent(ation)

Manx (Gaelg) giau = creek, inlet, cove
Giau Vooar ny Pershey = Persian Gulf

Etymology: from the Old Norse gjá (chasm, rift, crack) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Old Welsh (Kembraec), Pictish, Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Wild

22nd June 202124th June 2021 By Simon

Words for wild and related words, in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wēdus/*weido- [ˈweː.dus] = wild
*weido-mokku- wild pig

Old Irish (Goídelc) fíad [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land

Irish (Gaeilge) fia [fʲiːɾˠ] = waste, wilderness; land, territory
fiabheatha = wildlife
fiáin = wild, uncultivated, undomesticated, uncontrolled, tempestuous, intensely eager
fiánta = wild, fierce, savage
fiántas = wildness, fierceness, savageness; wilderness
fiata = wild, fierce, angry; shy
fiatacht = wildness, fierceness, sternness, anger
fiatúil = wild, coarse, rough

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fiadh [fiəɣ] = lord; wildness, wilderness (archaic)
fiadhan [fiə.an] = wildness, shyness, feral
fiadhaich [fiə.ɪç] = untamed, uncultivated, wild; fierce; off (food & drink); extremely
fiadhaichead [fiə.ɪçəd] = savageness, wildness, savagery
fiadhain [fia.ɛn̯ʲ] = wild, untamed
fiadhtachd [fiəhdəxg] = wildness, fierceness
faoileachail [fɯːləxal] = wild, savage

Manx (Gaelg) feie = natural, wild, savage
faasagh = wild, desolate, wilderness, waste place, desert
feiar, feiaragh = savage

Proto-Brythonic *guɨð = wild

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gŵydd, gvyd = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild

Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵydd [ɡuːɨ̯ð/ɡʊi̯ð] = wild, untamed, savage, untilled, uncultivated, woody, overgrown, desolate, desert; unploughed land, fallow land

Old Cornish guir = wild

Middle Cornish gwyr, guyr = wild

Cornish (Kernewek) goodh = wild

Old Breton guoid, guoed = wild

Middle Breton goez = wild

Breton (Brezhoneg) gouez = wild, fierce, ferocious, brutal, rustic

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ- (wood, wilderness). Words for Gael(ic) come from the same root [source].

Disambiguation
There are several words in Welsh similar to gŵydd, each of which has different meanings and origins:

gŵydd = wild, untamed, savage

gŵydd = presence, sight, face, from the Proto-Celtic *wēdos (sight, presence) [source]

gŵydd = goose, simpleton. From the Proto-Celtic *gesdā (goose) [source]

gŵydd = grave, sepulchre, burial-mound, tumulus. Possibly related to gwŷdd (tree), or to gŵydd (wild)

gwŷdd/gŵydd = knowledge, science. Related to gwybod (to know)

gwŷdd = tree(s), branches, twigs, forest, woods, shrub(s), lineage. From the Proto-Celtic *widus (wood, trees) [more details]

gwëydd/gwehydd/gwŷdd = weaver, composer of poetry, weaver of songs. From gwau (to weave), from the Proto-Celtic *wegyeti (to weave) [source]

Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis wild

Old Irish (Goídelc) geilt [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) geilt/gelt = madman, lunatic

Irish (Gaeilge) gealt [ɟal̪ˠt̪ˠ] = crazy person, lunatic; panic-stricken person, naked fugitive
gealtach = crazed, insane, wild, panic-stricken person or animal
gealtachas = craziness, lunacy, panic, terror
gealtacht = lunacy, insanity, wildness, panic
gealtlann = lunatic asylum
gealtra = (gang of) wild, mischievous children

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geilt [gʲeldʲ] = terror, fear, dread, skittishness
gaelachan [gʲal̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
tinneas na gealaich = lunacy, madness, insanity (archaic)

Manx (Gaelg) doghanagh = ill, diseased, disoredered, morbid, sickly
eayst-ghoghanagh = lunatic
far-ghoghanagh = malingerer

Proto-Brythonic *gwɨlt [ˈɡwiːr] = wild

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guyll, gwyllt = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyllt [ɡwɨːɬt/ɡwɪɬt] = wild, timid, untamed, angry, furious, fierce; uncultivated, uninhabited, desolate, desert; stormy, tempestuous, raging, turbulent
gwylltineb = wildness, rashness, rage, fury
gwylltio = to lose one’s temper, be scared, flee, grow wild
gwylltaidd = wildish, turbulent, unruly, irresponsible
gwylltâf/gwylltáu = to become wild, grow wild

Old Cornish guill = wild

Cornish (Kernewek) gwyls = wild, fierce, savage, violent
gwylvos = wilderness

Old Breton gueld = wild, untamed

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰel-t- [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Really True

16th June 202122nd June 2021 By Simon

Words for true and related words, in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wīros = true
*wīrjā-/wīrjānjā- = truth
*wīrjāno- = truthful, just

Old Irish (Goídelc) fír [fʲiːr] = true, truth
fír fer = fair play
fír flatha = just rule
fír nDé = ordeal (true)

Irish (Gaeilge) fíor [fʲiːɾˠ] = true, real, intense, very, ultra; noble
fíoraigh = to verify
fíoreolas = real knowledge
fíorfhuil = pure, noble, blood
fíorga = righteous
fíorgacht = righteousness
fíorghrá = true love

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fìor [fiər] = true, veritable; genuine, real, actual, authentic
fìreanta [fiːrʲən̪ˠdə] = true, just, righteous
fìrinn [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲ] = truth, verity, fact, reality; the Gospel
fìrinneach [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲəx] = true, truthful, factual, real, just, honest
fìrinnich, fìreanaich = to verify, justify, exonerate
fìorghlan = chaste, immaculate, pure
fìor-riochdail = realistic
fìor-uisge = springwater, freshwater

Manx (Gaelg) feer = very, exceptionally, true, real, authentic, regular
feeraghey, feerey, firrinaghey = to verity, affirm
feeraghey, firrinaghey = to authenticate, authentication, certify, confirm
feerid = truth, reality, simplicity, veracity, authenticity
feer ushtey = fresh water
firrinagh = authentic, candid, devout, faithful, honest, real

Proto-Brythonic *gwir [ˈɡwiːr] = true

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwir, guir, gvir = true

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwir [ɡwiːr] = true, certain, genuine, real, very, right, sure
gwiriad = confirmation, verification, proof, check, assertion
gwir(i)af, gwir(i)o = to prove right or correct, confirm, verify
gwiriant = confirmation, verification
gwirion = pure, sinless, blameless, chaste, true, faithful; weak-minded, silly, daft, foolish, unwise; simpleton, fool, idiot
gwir(i)edig = verified, checked, proved, attested, confirmed
gwiriedigol = positive, certain
gwir golau = Right Honourable
Gwir Anrhydeddus = the plain/naked/honest truth
yn wir = in truth, indeed, verily
cael y gwir = to get justice, get one’s due

Old Cornish guir = true

Middle Cornish gwyr, guyr = true

Cornish (Kernewek) gwir = true, genuine, real, right, actual; authentic
gwiryonedh, gwrionedh = truth
gwiryon = truthful
gwirvos = reality
gwirya, gwirhe = to verify
gwir-pryntya = copyright
y’n gwir = really
yn hwir, dhe wir = truly, really

Old Breton gwuir = true

Breton (Brezhoneg) gwir [ɡwiʁ] = right, true, correct; truth
gwiriañ = to verify
gwirionez = truth
gwirvoud = reality
e(n) gwir = really

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (true) from *weh₁- (true). English words such as verdict, verity, very and warlock come from the same root [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), Words1 Comment

Strawberries

2nd June 20212nd June 2021 By Simon

Words for strawberries and related words, in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *subhī = strawberries

Old Irish (Goídelc) sub = strawberry
sub craéb = raspberry

Irish (Gaeilge) sú [sˠuː] = (red) berry
sú craobh = raspberry
sú talún = strawberry

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùbh [suː] = berry, soft fruit
sùbh-craobh = raspberry
sùbh-craobh ruiteach = salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
sùbh-làir fiadhain = wild / Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca)
sùbh nam ban-sìthe = stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis)
sùbh-thalmhainn = strawberry

Manx (Gaelg) soo [suː] = berry
soo crouw = raspberry
soo thallooin = strawberry

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yssyui / syui / syvi = strawberries

Welsh (Cymraeg) syfi(en) [ˈsəvi] = (wild) strawberries
syfi coch/gwyllt/bach = wild strawberries
syfi gardd = cultivated strawberries)
syfïa = to gather (wild) strawberries

Old Cornish syvyen = strawberry

Cornish (Kernewek) sevi(en) = strawberries

Old Breton s(u)iuy = strawberries

Middle Breton siuy = strawberries

Breton (Brezhoneg) sivi(enn) = strawberries
sivia = to pick strawberries
sivi-garzh = wild strawberries

Etmology: possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate [source]

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ymevvs / mefys / mefvs / mevys = strawberries

Welsh (Cymraeg) mefus(en) [ˈmɛvɨ̞s / ˈmeːvɪs] = strawberries
mefus y goedwig / mefus y coed = wild strawberries

Etmology: from the Vulgar Latin majusa (“mayberry”), or from the Basque mart (blackberry, bramble), or from the Gaulish *majoþa [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Posted in Basque (Euskera), Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Gaulish, Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Vulgar Latin (sermo vulgaris), Welsh (Cymraeg)1 Comment

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Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Old Cornish

Battle

Kisses

Oxen

Hurdle Fences

Kitchens

Country and Land

River Mouths

Wild

Really True

Strawberries

Old Irish (Goídelc)	póc [poːɡ] = kiss
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	póc = kiss
Irish (Gaeilge)	póg [pˠoːɡ / pˠɔːɡ] = (to) kiss pógagh = kissing pógaire = kisser flaspóg smacking kiss
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	pòg [pɔːg] = (to) kiss pògach = pertaining to or abounding in kisses, given to kissing pògag = little kiss pògan, pòigean = little kiss, smack pòg Sgalpach = French kiss
Manx (Gaelg)	paag [ɡiː] = (to) kiss paagag = peck (kiss) paagagh = osculant, osculatory paagey = kissing, kiss, truss, osculate, osculation paageyr = kisser
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pocyn, poccyn = kiss
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pocyn = kiss, loud kissing noise impoc, impogpacs
Old Cornish	poccuil = kiss
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pok = kiss pokat = to kiss

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cussan, kussan, kusan = kiss
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cusan [ˈkɨ̞san/ˈkɪsan] = kiss cusanu = to kiss, touch lightly cusan bwbach = sore/scab on lip or cheek (“goblin’s kiss”)
Cornish (Kernewek)	kussyn = kiss

Proto-Celtic	*uksōn = ox, stag
Old Irish (Goídelc)	oss = elk, deer, stag
Irish (Gaeilge)	os [ɔsˠ/ʌsˠ] = deer (literary) oiseoil [ˈɛʃˌoːlʲ/ˈɪʃˌoːlʲ] = venison oisín [əˈʃiːnʲ/ˈɔʃiːnʲ/ˈʌʃinʲ] = fawn (young deer) Oisín = name, and a character in Irish myths oisín róin = young seal osbhuí = fawn (colour)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	os [os] = deer oisfheoil [ɔʃjɔl] = venison
Proto-Brythonic	*uxī = ox
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ych, ich = ox
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ych [ɨːχ/iːχ] = ox ych gwyllt = wild ox, bison, buffalo gwin yr ych = spring-water (“wine of the ox”)
Cornish (Kernewek)	oghen = oxen
Old Breton	ohen = ox
Breton (Brezhoneg)	och’en = ox

Proto-Celtic	damos = ox, bull, domesticated animal dametos = sheep
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dam [daṽ] = ox, stag, hero, champion
Irish (Gaeilge)	damh [d̪ˠaw] = ox, stag; strong man, champion, corpulent person damh alla = stag damh comhair = one of a pair of oxen, yokefellow; equal, peer damháire = bellowing, lowing (of oxen), belling (of stag) damhán = small ox damhra = oxen, yoke of oxen; stags, herd of deer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	damh [dav] = stag (antlered, up to 4 yrs old), ox, oaf, crab missing a claw damh-féidh = hart, stag cho dall ri damh ann an ceò = as blind as a bat in daylight (“as blind as an ox in the fog”)
Manx (Gaelg)	dow = ox, hart, stag
Proto-Brythonic	*daβ̃ad = sheep
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	dauat, davad = sheep
Welsh (Cymraeg)	dafad [ˈdavad/ˈdaːvad] = sheep, ewe; one who is under the charge of a spiritual pastor defaid cymorth = sheep given to a needy person to form the nucleus of a flock dafad ddu = black sheep, prodigal son, ne’er do-well of a family defaid Dafydd Jos = waves, billows (“David Jones’ sheep”) mynd yn draed defaid = to go to ruin (“to become sheep’s feet”)
Old Cornish	dauat = sheep
Cornish (Kernewek)	davas = ewe, sheep kig davas = mutton
Breton (Brezhoneg)	dañvad [ˈdãː.vat] = sheep; overly kind, gentle person; cuckold, flock; small, fluffy clouds, foamy waves dañvadez = ewe

Proto-Celtic	*klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish	*cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge)	cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music) cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork cliathóg = (small) hurdle cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker cliathrás = hurdle race cliathreathaí = hurdler cliathreathaíocht = hurdling Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music) cliathag = small hurdle cliath-bhogsa = crate cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg)	cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish cleea = hurdle cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic	*kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec	cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful clwydedd = door, gate clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish	cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek)	kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton	klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Middle Irish (Goídelc)	cisten = kitchen
Irish (Gaeilge)	cistin [ˈcɪʃtʲənʲ] = kitchen, cook-house cistineach = culinary cistin phoiblí = soup kitchen cistin taistil = travelling kitchen cúlchistin = back-kitchen, scullery sorn cistine = cooker
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cidsin/citsin [kʲidʲɪn/kʲiʃdʲɪn] = kitchen cidsin-dubh = scullery cidsineach/citsineach = culinary, pertaining to or abounding in kitchens
Manx (Gaelg)	kishteen = cookhouse kishteen cooyl = back kitchen sorn kishteen = cooking range, cooker

Proto-Brythonic	*kėgin = kitchen
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kegyn, kecyn = kitchen
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cegin [ˈkɛɡɪn/ˈkeːɡɪn] = kitchen cegin(i)af, cegin(i)o = to cook, prepare food ceginaidd = culinary, commonplace cegindy = eating-house, cook-shop ceginfa = galley ceginiaeth = cookery, the culinary art, cuisine ceginol = culinary ceginwaith = kitchen work, cookery ceginwas = scullion, kitchen-knave ceginwr / ceginwraig = cook cegin gefn/fach = back kitchen cegin groes = scullery cegin orau = parlour, sitting-room
Old Cornish	keghin = kitchen
Cornish (Kernewek)	kegin [ˈkɛɡɪn] = kitchen kegina = to cook keginer / keginores = chef keginieth = cookery
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kegin = kitchen keginañ = to cook, culinary keginer = cook, chef cooker keginerezh = cooking, cuisine keginouriezh = art of cooking, culinary art, cuisine

Proto-Celtic	tīros = dry land, land, earth wo-tīro- = piece of land
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tír = land, country, territory, ground Tír inna n-Óc = (mythical) Land of Youth
Irish (Gaeilge)	tír [tʲiːɾʲ] = country, land, state, nation; region, district. territory, rural district, country native, ordinary tírdhreach = landscape tíreach = native, of the country tíreachas = domesticity tíreánach = mainlander tíreolaí = geographer tíreolaíocht = geography tírghrá = patriotism tírghrách = patriotic tírghráthóir = patriot Tír na nÓg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tìr [tʲiːrʲ] = land, country, territory tìreach = countryman, patriot tìr-eòlas = geography tìr-ghràdhaiche = patriot tìr-mór = mainland, continent Tìr nan Òg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth àrd-tìr = highland
Manx (Gaelg)	çheer = land, country, state, territory, shore çheeragh = native çheer-ghraihagh = patriotic çheer-oayllee = geographer çheer-oaylleeaght = geography çheer vooar = mainland çheer yalloo = landscape Çheer ny Aeg = (mythical) Land of Youth
Proto-Brythonic	*tir [ˈtiːr] = land
Old Welsh	tir = land
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tir, tyr = land
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tir [tiːr] = land, ground, soil, turf, estate, open land, region, territory, domain, country, earth, ridge tiriaf, tirio = to land, come ashore, disembark, arrive, reach tir(i)og = landowning, landed tiriogaeth = territory, realm, district, tract, (piece of) land tiriogaethol = territorial tirwedd = landscape, scenery, (geographic) relief
Cornish (Kernewek)	tir = land, earth tira = to land, come ashore tiredh = territory tirlanow = landfill tir meur = mainland tirnos = landmark tirwedh = landscape konna tir = peninsula penn tir = headland
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tir = land penn-tir = headland

Proto-Celtic	wlatis = sovereignty, rule walo- = prince, chief *walatro- = ruler
Old Irish (Goídelc)	flaith [flaθʲ] = lordship, sovereignty, rule, kingdom, realm, prince, ruler flaithem = prince, ruler flaithemail = princely, munificent flaithemnacht = rule flaithemnas, flaithius = rule, sovereignty flaithiúlacht = princeliness, munificence, lavishness, generosity
Irish (Gaeilge)	flaith [fˠlˠah/fˠlˠa] = lordship, sovereignty, ruler, prince, lord, chief banfhlaith = princess flaithbheartach = princely, generous flaithbhile = princely scion, noble champion flaitheas = rule, sovereignty, kingdom, realm flaitheasach = heavenly, celestial co-fhlaitheas = confederation flaithiúil = princely, munificent, lavish, generous flaithiúlach = lavish, generous flaithiúnta = sovereign, heavenly mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	flath [fl̪ˠah] = king, prince, ruler, noble banfhlath = wife of a chieftain, noblewoman flath-shonas [fl̪ˠahənəs] = dominion, kingdom, heaven, the heavens flathail = noble, gallant, patrician, princely, majestic; blithesome mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Manx (Gaelg)	flah = prince, potentate flaunys = heaven, utopia, paradise
Proto-Brythonic	gwlad [ˈɡwlaːd] = sovereignty, country gwlėdig = civil, secular, established, national *gwaladr [ɡwaˈladr̩] = ruler
Old Welsh	gulat = country, realm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gulat, gulad, gwlat, gwlad = country, realm
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwlad [ɡwlaːd/ɡlaːd] = country, land, province, region, district, kingdom, realm, domain; nation, the people of a country gwaladr = ruler, sovereign gwladaidd = rural, rustic countrified, homely, plain, mean, poor, boorish, vulgar, rough, clumsy, awkward gwladiath = native tongue, mother tongue gwladwr = countryman, peasant, rustic, compatriot, inhabitant, citizen gwledig = rural rhyngwladol = international
Old Cornish	gulat = country
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwlas = country gwlaskar = patriotic gwlaskarer / gwlaskarores = patriot gwlaskarenja / gwlaskerensa = patriotism gwlaskor = kingdom, realm
Old Breton	guletic = prince
Middle Breton	gloat = kingdom, wealth gloedic = count
Breton (Brezhoneg)	glad [ɡlɑːt] = inheritance, heritage, patrimony

Proto-Celtic	*talamū = earth
Gaulish	*talamon = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc)	talam [ˈtalaṽ] = earth, (dry) land, country, soil, dirt, clay
Irish (Gaeilge)	talamh [ˈt̪ˠɑlˠəvˠ/ˈt̪ˠalˠə/ˈt̪ˠalˠu] = earth, ground, land, dry land, soil, soild base (for discussion, understanding) talamhchreathach = seismic talamhchrith = earthquake talamhiata = land-locked talamhluas = ground speed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	talamh [tal̪ˠav] = earth, ground, Earth talamh bàn = fallow/unmanured ground talamh-dearg = tiled soil, ploughed land talamh-làidir, talamh-glas = unploughed land talamh-rèisg = marshy/boggy ground talamh-àitich = arable land, cultivable land
Manx (Gaelg)	thalloo = country, land, shore, terrain, territory, clod, earth, ground , soil thallooinaghey = to earth, earthing

Proto-Celtic	*adberos = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Pictish	*ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (aber) = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	abar [ˈfʲilʲi] = confluence, river mouth
Irish (Gaeilge)	abar [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = boggy ground, morass abarach = boggy, muddy, sloughy abracht = boggy place
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	abar / obar = confluence, place where two or more streams meet; marsh, bog, fen
Manx (Gaelg)	aber = range, pasturage, river mouth, bunker, run
Proto-Brythonic	*aber [aˈbɛːr] = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Old Welsh)	oper, aper = estuary, mouth of a river
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	aber = estuary, mouth of a river
Welsh (Cymraeg)	aber [ˈabɛr/ˈaːbɛr] = river mouth, estuary, confluence, bay, harbour, port, anchorage
Old Cornish	aber = estuary, mouth of a river
Cornish (Kernewek)	aber = river mouth
Old Breton	aperou = estuary, mouth of a river
Breton (Brezhoneg)	aber = estuary, mouth of a river, confluence, creek

Old Irish (Goídelc)	*in(d)ber = river mouth
Irish (Gaeilge)	inbhear / inbhir [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = river mouth, estuary, firth inbhearach = having many estuaries
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	inbhir [in̪ʲɪrʲ] = estuary, river mouth, (internet) feed
Manx (Gaelg)	inver = estuary, river mouth

Old Irish (Goídelc)	gáeth = the sea, a stream, an estuary
Irish (Gaeilge)	gaoth [ɡeːh / ɡiːh] = inlet of sea, estuary Gaoth Dobhair [ɡiːˈd̪ˠoːɾʲ] = Gweedore (a parish in County Donegal)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geodha [gʲɔ.ə] = inlet, cove, gully (by the sea), indent(ation)
Manx (Gaelg)	giau = creek, inlet, cove Giau Vooar ny Pershey = Persian Gulf

Proto-Celtic	wēdus/weido- [ˈweː.dus] = wild *weido-mokku- wild pig
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fíad [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Irish (Gaeilge)	fia [fʲiːɾˠ] = waste, wilderness; land, territory fiabheatha = wildlife fiáin = wild, uncultivated, undomesticated, uncontrolled, tempestuous, intensely eager fiánta = wild, fierce, savage fiántas = wildness, fierceness, savageness; wilderness fiata = wild, fierce, angry; shy fiatacht = wildness, fierceness, sternness, anger fiatúil = wild, coarse, rough
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fiadh [fiəɣ] = lord; wildness, wilderness (archaic) fiadhan [fiə.an] = wildness, shyness, feral fiadhaich [fiə.ɪç] = untamed, uncultivated, wild; fierce; off (food & drink); extremely fiadhaichead [fiə.ɪçəd] = savageness, wildness, savagery fiadhain [fia.ɛn̯ʲ] = wild, untamed fiadhtachd [fiəhdəxg] = wildness, fierceness faoileachail [fɯːləxal] = wild, savage
Manx (Gaelg)	feie = natural, wild, savage faasagh = wild, desolate, wilderness, waste place, desert feiar, feiaragh = savage
Proto-Brythonic	*guɨð = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gŵydd, gvyd = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gŵydd [ɡuːɨ̯ð/ɡʊi̯ð] = wild, untamed, savage, untilled, uncultivated, woody, overgrown, desolate, desert; unploughed land, fallow land
Old Cornish	guir = wild
Middle Cornish	gwyr, guyr = wild
Cornish (Kernewek)	goodh = wild
Old Breton	guoid, guoed = wild
Middle Breton	goez = wild
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gouez = wild, fierce, ferocious, brutal, rustic

Proto-Celtic	*gʷeltis wild
Old Irish (Goídelc)	geilt [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	geilt/gelt = madman, lunatic
Irish (Gaeilge)	gealt [ɟal̪ˠt̪ˠ] = crazy person, lunatic; panic-stricken person, naked fugitive gealtach = crazed, insane, wild, panic-stricken person or animal gealtachas = craziness, lunacy, panic, terror gealtacht = lunacy, insanity, wildness, panic gealtlann = lunatic asylum gealtra = (gang of) wild, mischievous children
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geilt [gʲeldʲ] = terror, fear, dread, skittishness gaelachan [gʲal̪ˠəxan] = lunatic tinneas na gealaich = lunacy, madness, insanity (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg)	doghanagh = ill, diseased, disoredered, morbid, sickly eayst-ghoghanagh = lunatic far-ghoghanagh = malingerer
Proto-Brythonic	*gwɨlt [ˈɡwiːr] = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guyll, gwyllt = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwyllt [ɡwɨːɬt/ɡwɪɬt] = wild, timid, untamed, angry, furious, fierce; uncultivated, uninhabited, desolate, desert; stormy, tempestuous, raging, turbulent gwylltineb = wildness, rashness, rage, fury gwylltio = to lose one’s temper, be scared, flee, grow wild gwylltaidd = wildish, turbulent, unruly, irresponsible gwylltâf/gwylltáu = to become wild, grow wild
Old Cornish	guill = wild
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwyls = wild, fierce, savage, violent gwylvos = wilderness
Old Breton	gueld = wild, untamed

Proto-Celtic	wīros = true wīrjā-/wīrjānjā- = truth *wīrjāno- = truthful, just
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fír [fʲiːr] = true, truth fír fer = fair play fír flatha = just rule fír nDé = ordeal (true)
Irish (Gaeilge)	fíor [fʲiːɾˠ] = true, real, intense, very, ultra; noble fíoraigh = to verify fíoreolas = real knowledge fíorfhuil = pure, noble, blood fíorga = righteous fíorgacht = righteousness fíorghrá = true love
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fìor [fiər] = true, veritable; genuine, real, actual, authentic fìreanta [fiːrʲən̪ˠdə] = true, just, righteous fìrinn [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲ] = truth, verity, fact, reality; the Gospel fìrinneach [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲəx] = true, truthful, factual, real, just, honest fìrinnich, fìreanaich = to verify, justify, exonerate fìorghlan = chaste, immaculate, pure fìor-riochdail = realistic fìor-uisge = springwater, freshwater
Manx (Gaelg)	feer = very, exceptionally, true, real, authentic, regular feeraghey, feerey, firrinaghey = to verity, affirm feeraghey, firrinaghey = to authenticate, authentication, certify, confirm feerid = truth, reality, simplicity, veracity, authenticity feer ushtey = fresh water firrinagh = authentic, candid, devout, faithful, honest, real
Proto-Brythonic	*gwir [ˈɡwiːr] = true
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gwir, guir, gvir = true
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwir [ɡwiːr] = true, certain, genuine, real, very, right, sure gwiriad = confirmation, verification, proof, check, assertion gwir(i)af, gwir(i)o = to prove right or correct, confirm, verify gwiriant = confirmation, verification gwirion = pure, sinless, blameless, chaste, true, faithful; weak-minded, silly, daft, foolish, unwise; simpleton, fool, idiot gwir(i)edig = verified, checked, proved, attested, confirmed gwiriedigol = positive, certain gwir golau = Right Honourable Gwir Anrhydeddus = the plain/naked/honest truth yn wir = in truth, indeed, verily cael y gwir = to get justice, get one’s due
Old Cornish	guir = true
Middle Cornish	gwyr, guyr = true
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwir = true, genuine, real, right, actual; authentic gwiryonedh, gwrionedh = truth gwiryon = truthful gwirvos = reality gwirya, gwirhe = to verify gwir-pryntya = copyright y’n gwir = really yn hwir, dhe wir = truly, really
Old Breton	gwuir = true
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwir [ɡwiʁ] = right, true, correct; truth gwiriañ = to verify gwirionez = truth gwirvoud = reality e(n) gwir = really

Proto-Celtic	*subhī = strawberries
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sub = strawberry sub craéb = raspberry
Irish (Gaeilge)	sú [sˠuː] = (red) berry sú craobh = raspberry sú talún = strawberry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sùbh [suː] = berry, soft fruit sùbh-craobh = raspberry sùbh-craobh ruiteach = salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) sùbh-làir fiadhain = wild / Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca) sùbh nam ban-sìthe = stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis) sùbh-thalmhainn = strawberry
Manx (Gaelg)	soo [suː] = berry soo crouw = raspberry soo thallooin = strawberry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	yssyui / syui / syvi = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg)	syfi(en) [ˈsəvi] = (wild) strawberries syfi coch/gwyllt/bach = wild strawberries syfi gardd = cultivated strawberries) syfïa = to gather (wild) strawberries
Old Cornish	syvyen = strawberry
Cornish (Kernewek)	sevi(en) = strawberries
Old Breton	s(u)iuy = strawberries
Middle Breton	siuy = strawberries
Breton (Brezhoneg)	sivi(enn) = strawberries sivia = to pick strawberries sivi-garzh = wild strawberries

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ymevvs / mefys / mefvs / mevys = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mefus(en) [ˈmɛvɨ̞s / ˈmeːvɪs] = strawberries mefus y goedwig / mefus y coed = wild strawberries