Cloaks and Veils

6th October 202121st January 2024 By Simon

Words for cloak and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	linnā = veil, cloak
Gaulish	linna = veil, cloak
Old Irish (Goídelc)	lenn = cloak, mantle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	lenn = cloak, mantle
Irish (Gaeilge)	leann = cloak, mantle
Old Welsh	lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llen [ɬɛn] = curtain, hanging, veil, screen, covering, canopy, tapestry, sheet, pall, mantle, shawl llen amdo = winding-sheet, shroud llen iâ = ice sheet llen olaf = final curtain (after a theatrical performance) llen rhwydog = net curtains llen dân = safter curtain
Old Cornish	len = blanket, cloth
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	len = blanket, cloak, whittle
Cornish (Kernewek)	lenn = blanket, cloth lenn dhu = blind brithlen = tapestry
Breton (Brezhoneg)	lenn = flag, coat lenn-wele = bedspread, bed-cover

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *linom (flax) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*brattos = cloak, mantle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bratt [ˈbr͈at] = cloak, mantle brattach = banner, clothing, flag
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	brat, bratt = cloak, mantle, cover, cloth brattach = having a clock, mantled; clothing, shielf, banner, standard
Irish (Gaeilge)	brat [bˠɾˠɑt̪ˠ / bˠɾˠat̪ˠ] = mantle, cloak, covering, curtain brata (le) = carpeted, covered (with) aerbhrat = atmosphere brat brád = neckerchief bratach = flag bratóg = small cloak, covering, rag, flake bratógach = ragged, in rags
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	brat [brahd] = carpet, mat, cloak, mantle, cover(ing), sheet, drape, drapery brat-cùil = backdrop brat-deighe = ice-sheet brat-dorais = doormat brat-dubhair = awning brat-dorais = tapestry brat-gréise = bed cover, coverlet brat-ùrlair = carpet, rug, mat bratach = flag, banner, colours, ensign
Manx (Gaelg)	brat = covering, cover, coat, layer, film, pall, curtain, cloak, sheet, wrap, coating brat jaagh = smokescreen brat laare = carpet brat lhiabbagh = coverlet, bedcover brat peintey = coat of paint brattagh = banner, colour, ensign, flag
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	brat, bratt = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore brethyn, bredhyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
Welsh (Cymraeg)	brat = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore (possibly borrowed from Irish) brethyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry brethyn arwyl = funeral pall, bier-cloth brethyn bord = tablecloth brethyn cyfrwy = saddlecloth brethyn neuadd = tapestry
Old Breton	brothrac = skirt
Middle Breton	broz = skirt
Breton (Brezhoneg)	brozh = skirt brozh-dan = petticoat, underskirt korf-brozh = bodice, corset

Etymology: unknown [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Circles

29th September 202118th August 2023 By Simon

Words for circle, ring and related words in Celtic languages.

There are three words for circle in Proto-Celtic: *kerk-injo-, *kerkinn- and *kuro-. They don’t appear to have descendents in modern Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*ānniyos = ring
Old Irish (Goídelc)	áinne = ring
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	áinne, ánne = ring, circuit, anusm posterior
Irish (Gaeilge)	fáinne [ˈfˠɑːɲə/ˈfˠæːn̠ʲə] = ring, circle, ringlet, curl, halo fáinneach = annular, ring-like, ringed, ringleted, whorled, adorned, beautiful fáinneadóir = ring-maker, dealer in rings fáinneáil = (act of) circling, fluttering fáinneán -= ampitheatre, circus fáinneog = ringlet, curl fáinneoir = person who rings animals fáinnigh = to ring, encircle, dawn fáinniú = encirclement, dawning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fàinne [faːn̪ʲə] = ring, ringlet, circle fàinneach [faːn̪ʲəx] = pertaining to or like a ring, ringed fàinneachadh [faːn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) curling, ringing fàinneag [faːn̪ʲag] = small ring, ringlet
Manx (Gaelg)	fainey = circle, puck, whorl, wreathe, ring fainnit = ringed

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (ring). Cognate with the Latin ānus (ring, anus), and anus in English, French, Catalan and Romanian [source].

The English word phon(e)y (fraudulent, fake) possibly comes from the old slang word fawney (a gilt brass ring used by swindlers; a finger ring), from the Irish fáinne (ring) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	circul = circle, orbit, zone, hoop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	circul = circle, orbit, zone, hoop
Irish (Gaeilge)	ciorcal [ˈkiɾˠkəlˠ] = circle ciorcalach = circular, cyclic ciorcalaigh = to encircle, circle ciorclán = circular (letter)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cearcall [kʲɛrxgl̪ˠ] = circle, cycle, ring (circus, etc), hoop cearclach = circular, cyclic(al)
Manx (Gaelg)	kiarkyl = ring, circle, rim, coterie kiarklagh = cyclic(al), rotund, circulatory kiarkylagh = circular daachiarkyl = bicycle
Proto-Brythonic	*kɨrxl [aˈbɛːr] = circle, ring
Old Welsh	circhl = circle, ring
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kylch, kylc = circle, ring
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cylch [kɨ̞lχ/kɪlχ] = circle, ring, compass, scope, range, circumference, environs, surroundsing, precints, zone, belt, hoop, social circle, orbit, revolution, period, cycle, halo cylchai = halo cylchaidd = circular, round(ish) cylchig = circlet, small circle cylch(i)ol = circular, orbital, surrounding, itinerant, periodic, cyclic cylchu, cylch(i)af, cylcho = to hoop, rim (a wheel)
Cornish (Kernewek)	kelgh, kylgh = circle, hoop, round, ring kylghek = circular kylghigow = hoop-la kylghlavar = circumlocution kylghvusur = perimeter
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	kelc’h = circle, disc, halo kelc’hdro = orbit kelc’hennva = ampitheatre kelc’hiad = circumference kelc’hiek = circular
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kelc’h = circle, halo kelc’hiañ = to surround, define, figure out kelc’hier = compass kelc’htreiñ = to orbit kelc’htro = orbit kelc’htroel = orbital

Etymology: from the Latin circulus (circle), from circus (circle, ring, racecourse, circus), from the Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos – circle, ring) from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (to bend, turn) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Victory

23rd September 202123rd September 2021 By Simon

Words for victory and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	boudi = profit, gain, victory boudīkos = victorious Boudīkā = a female given name*
Gaulish	boudi = profit, gain, victory Boudīkā = a female given name
Old Irish (Goídelc)	búaid [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Irish (Gaeilge)	bua [bˠuə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality bua morálta = moral victory ollbhua [ˈɔl̪ˠˌwuə] = landslide victory buach = victorious buachan = gain, victory buaigh = to win, gain; defeat, overcome; succeed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	buaidh [buəj] = success, conquest, victory, consequence, effect, impact, influence, sway, mastery, predominance buaidh-làrach = decisive victory buaidh-chaithream = triumph, triumphant shout or song buaidheach = victorious, effective buadhach = victorious, effective, influential, talented, gifted buadhalach = victorious, triumphant diombuaidheach = unsuccessful, unlucky, defeatist Buaidheach = Boudica (female given name)
Manx (Gaelg)	booie = victorious, victory, triumph
Proto-Brythonic	bʉd = profit bʉðig = victorious Bʉðig = a female given name*
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ysbud, bud, but = profit, gain, booty butic / budic = victorious, truimphant, prosperous, successful, beneficial, generous, kind
Welsh (Cymraeg)	budd [bɨːð / biːð] = profit, gain, booty, riches, wealt, blessing, favour, advantage, emolument, benefit, usefulness buddfawr = bearing much booty or spoils, profitable, beneficial buddfawredd = generosity, gain buddgar = conferring blessings, beneficial, generous, covetous buddged = benefit, adventage, gain, gift, reward buddio = to profit, succeed, prosper, benefit buddig / buddug = victorious, truimphant, prosperous, successful, beneficial, generous, kind Buddug = Boudica (female given name) buddugaf, buddugo = to triumph, gain a victory, conquer buddugiol = victorious, conquering, triumphant, mighty, successful buddugioliaeth = victory, conquest, supremacy, precedence, glory, triumph, exulation, jubliation
Cornish (Kernewek)	budh = profit budhek = victorious
Old Breton	bud = profit
Breton (Brezhoneg)	buz = profit Budic = Boudica (female given name)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰówdʰi (victory) [source]. The English word booty possibly comes from the same Gaulish root, via Old French and Middle Low German [source].

The name Boudica (the Queen of the Iceni who led an uprising against the Romans in 60/61 AD) comes from the Latin Boudicca / Boadicea, from the Gaulish *Boudīkā [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Battle

15th September 202112th June 2024 By Simon

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	katus = battle Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name) Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name*)
Gaulish	catu, katu = battle Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish	ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion cathach = bellicose, warlike cathaigecht = warfare cathaige = warrior cathaigid = to fight, give battle cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion cathach = bellicose, vehement cathaigecht = warfare cathaige = fighter, warrior cathaigid = to fight, give battle cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge)	cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion cathach = battling, warlike cathaí = battler, fighter cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare cathach = warlike cath nan con = dogfight cath-thuagh = battle axe blàr-catha = battlefield gairm-chatha = warcry cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg)	cah = military action battle crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic	kad = battle Kadüdɨɣern (male name) Kaduwallọn (male name*)
Old Welsh	Categern, Catigern (male name) Cadwallawn (male name) Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kad, kat = battle Cattegirn (male name) Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band cad ar faes = at loggerheads cadfan = battlefield Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details] Cadeyrn (male name) Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cad, câs = battle, war cadlys = camp, intrenchment cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek)	kas = armed conflict, battle, war kasor, kasores = fighter kasorek = militant Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton	Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kad = battle Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge)	ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter ármhach = slaughter ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg)	haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic	*aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh	hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	aer = battle, fight, war aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader aerbais = coat of mail aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg)	aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish	hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg)	aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic) aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic) aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Gaulish, German (Deutsch), Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Old Welsh (Kembraec), Primitive Irish, Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Kisses

8th September 20218th September 2021 By Simon

Words for kisses and related words in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) póc [poːɡ] = kiss

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) póc = kiss

Irish (Gaeilge) póg [pˠoːɡ / pˠɔːɡ] = (to) kiss
pógagh = kissing
pógaire = kisser
flaspóg smacking kiss

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pòg [pɔːg] = (to) kiss
pògach = pertaining to or abounding in kisses, given to kissing
pògag = little kiss
pògan, pòigean = little kiss, smack
pòg Sgalpach = French kiss

Manx (Gaelg) paag [ɡiː] = (to) kiss
paagag = peck (kiss)
paagagh = osculant, osculatory
paagey = kissing, kiss, truss, osculate, osculation
paageyr = kisser

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pocyn, poccyn = kiss

Welsh (Cymraeg) pocyn = kiss, loud kissing noise
impoc, impogpacs

Old Cornish poccuil = kiss

Breton (Brezhoneg) pok = kiss
pokat = to kiss

Etymology: from the Latin phrases (dare) pācem (to give peace) – originally a kiss as a sign of peace during a mass, or from ōsculum pācis (kiss of peace) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cussan, kussan, kusan = kiss

Welsh (Cymraeg) cusan [ˈkɨ̞san/ˈkɪsan] = kiss
cusanu = to kiss, touch lightly
cusan bwbach = sore/scab on lip or cheek (“goblin’s kiss”)

Cornish (Kernewek) kussyn = kiss

Etymology: from the Old English cyssan (to kiss) – from the Proto-Germanic *kussijaną (to kiss), probably of onomatopoeic origin [source].

Other words for kiss include sẁs [sʊs] in Welsh, amm / abm and bay in Cornish, and bouch in Breton. Sẁs is onomatopoeic, and the origin of the other words is not known.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Cornish, Old English (Ænglisc), Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Germanic, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Verbs, Welsh (Cymraeg), Words2 Comments

Cells and Churches

1st September 202123rd September 2021 By Simon

Words for cells, churches and related words in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) cell [kʲel͈] = church

Irish (Gaeilge) cill [ciːlʲ] = church, churchyard, cell
cilldeighilt = cell division
cillín = cell, hoard, nest-egg
cillscannán = cel membrane
aoncheallach = single celled, unicellular

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cill [kʲiːʎ] = chapel, churchyard, burial ground, graveyard, hermit’s cell
cill-chlos = quietness of a churchyard
cill chailleachan-dubha = nunnery
cill-mhanach = abbey, monastery

Manx (Gaelg) keeill = church, place of worship, oratory, small monastic cell (used mainly in place names)
keeill aspickagh = cathedral

Proto-Brythonic *kell = cell

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kell = cell

Welsh (Cymraeg) cell [kɛɬ] = cell, bower
cilgell = alcove, side apartment, recess (“corner cell”)
llyfrgell = library (“book cell”)
oergell = fridge (“cold cell”)
rhewgell = freezer (“ice cell”)
tangell = stove, cooker (“fire cell”)

Cornish (Kernewek) kell [kɛlː/kɛlʰ] = cell

Breton (Brezhoneg) kell [ˈkɛlː] = (prison / monastic) cell

Etymology: from the Latin cella (small room, hut, storeroom, barn, granary, sanctuary, pantry), from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from *ḱel- (to cover). The English word cell comes from the same root [source]

Old Irish (Goídelc) eclais [ˈeɡlisʲ] = church, clergy

Irish (Gaeilge) eaglais [ˈaɡəl̪ˠəʃ / ˈɑːɡlˠəʃ / ˈaɡlˠəʃ] = church, church building
eaglaiseach = churchman, clergyman, ecclesiastic
eaglaiseoireacht = ecclesiastical matter or duties
eaglasta = ecclesiastical

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eaglais [egl̪ʲɪʃ] = church
eaglaiseach = churchman
eaglaiseil = ecclesiastical
cathair-eaglais = cathedral
eadar-eaglais = ecumenical
neo-eaglais = secular

Manx (Gaelg) agglish = oratory, church (people)
agglishagh = cleric, clerical, ecclesiastic, canonical, divine, churchman
eddyr-agglishagh = ecumenical

Proto-Brythonic *egluɨs = church

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eccluys, egluis, eccluis = church

Welsh (Cymraeg) eglwys [ˈɛɡlʊɨ̯s / ˈɛɡlʊi̯s] = church
eglwysa, eglwyso = to church, attend church
eglwysaidd, eglwysol = ecclesiastic(al), church-like
eglwysol = ecclesiastical, church-, cleric

Cornish (Kernewek) eglos [ˈɛɡlɔs/ˈɛɡlɐz] = church
eglos teg = temple

Breton (Brezhoneg) iliz = church
ilizamant = churching

Etymology: from the Latin ecclēsia (church, assembly), from the Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía – assembly, congregation, church). [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Language, Latin (lingua latīna), Manx (Gaelg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Oxen

26th August 202126th August 2021 By Simon

Words for oxen and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *uksōn = ox, stag

Old Irish (Goídelc) oss = elk, deer, stag

Irish (Gaeilge) os [ɔsˠ/ʌsˠ] = deer (literary)
oiseoil [ˈɛʃˌoːlʲ/ˈɪʃˌoːlʲ] = venison
oisín [əˈʃiːnʲ/ˈɔʃiːnʲ/ˈʌʃinʲ] = fawn (young deer)
Oisín = name, and a character in Irish myths
oisín róin = young seal
osbhuí = fawn (colour)

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) os [os] = deer
oisfheoil [ɔʃjɔl] = venison

Proto-Brythonic *uxī = ox

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ych, ich = ox

Welsh (Cymraeg) ych [ɨːχ/iːχ] = ox
ych gwyllt = wild ox, bison, buffalo
gwin yr ych = spring-water (“wine of the ox”)

Cornish (Kernewek) oghen = oxen

Old Breton ohen = ox

Breton (Brezhoneg) och’en = ox

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (bull) [source].

Proto-Celtic *damos = ox, bull, domesticated animal
*dametos = sheep

Old Irish (Goídelc) dam [daṽ] = ox, stag, hero, champion

Irish (Gaeilge) damh [d̪ˠaw] = ox, stag; strong man, champion, corpulent person
damh alla = stag
damh comhair = one of a pair of oxen, yokefellow; equal, peer
damháire = bellowing, lowing (of oxen), belling (of stag)
damhán = small ox
damhra = oxen, yoke of oxen; stags, herd of deer

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) damh [dav] = stag (antlered, up to 4 yrs old), ox, oaf, crab missing a claw
damh-féidh = hart, stag
cho dall ri damh ann an ceò = as blind as a bat in daylight (“as blind as an ox in the fog”)

Manx (Gaelg) dow = ox, hart, stag

Proto-Brythonic *daβ̃ad = sheep

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dauat, davad = sheep

Welsh (Cymraeg) dafad [ˈdavad/ˈdaːvad] = sheep, ewe; one who is under the charge of a spiritual pastor
defaid cymorth = sheep given to a needy person to form the nucleus of a flock
dafad ddu = black sheep, prodigal son, ne’er do-well of a family
defaid Dafydd Jos = waves, billows (“David Jones’ sheep”)
mynd yn draed defaid = to go to ruin (“to become sheep’s feet”)

Old Cornish dauat = sheep

Cornish (Kernewek) davas = ewe, sheep
kig davas = mutton

Breton (Brezhoneg) dañvad [ˈdãː.vat] = sheep; overly kind, gentle person; cuckold, flock; small, fluffy clouds, foamy waves
dañvadez = ewe

Etymology: the Brythonic words come from *dametos, which comes from *damos. Both these words come from the Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (to domesticate, tame) [source]. The English words tame, (in)domitable and danger come from the same PIE root [source].

More sheep and deer related words.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Animals, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Cornish, Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Stable Enclosures

18th August 202121st April 2024 By Simon

Words for stable, enclosure and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kruw(y)os = enclosure
*krāfo- = stable, enclosure

Old Irish (Goídelc) cró, cróe, cróa = enclosure, socket, stall, sty, horse-shoe, encirclement

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cró, cro = enclosure, fold, pen, sty, stall, hut, cell, prision, socket, box, container

Irish (Gaeilge) cró [kɾˠoː / kɾˠɔː] = eye, socket; bore; aperture; ring; enclosure, fold, pen; (small) outhouse; mean dwelling, hovel; hollow
cróicín = litte hut, hovel
cróitín = small (sheep) fold, small outhouse
cróbhuaile = enclosed milking-place
cró beithíoch = byre, cowshed
cró caorach = sheepfold, shieling
cró cearc = henhouse
cró coinín = rabbit hutch
cró madra = (dog) kennel
cró muc / muice = pigsty, piggery
cró sorcais = circus ring

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crò [krɔː] = circle, surround; enclosure, fold, pen; fishing weir; eye (of needle), socket; hay ladder
crò-snàthaid = eye of a needle
crò-chearc = chicken coop
crò-mhuc = pigsty
crò-buntàta = enclosed potato patch
crò-chaorach = sheepfold

Manx (Gaelg) croa = enclosure, compound, enclave, coop, fold, ring, corral, pen, aperture, notch
croa cheyrragh = sheepcote
croa chonning = rabbit hutch
croa gheayil = (coal) bunker

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) creu, crau, kreu, craw = shed

Welsh (Cymraeg) crau / craw [kraɨ̯ / krai̯] = sty, hovel, pigsty; place of defence, stockade
crau = hole, eye, aperture, perforation
crewyn = pile, heap, rick, clamp, load
crowyn, crywyn, crewyn = shed where animals are kept, sty, coop, kennel, creel, basket; belly, paunch

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) crow = hovel, hut, sty
crow môh = pigsty

Cornish (Kernewek) krow = hut
krow deves = sheep-cot
krow mogh = pigsty
krow prenn = chalet
krow yer = chicken shed

Old Breton crou = pigsty

Middle Breton kraou = pigsty

Breton (Brezhoneg) krao = eye (of a needle)
krao an nadoz = eye of a needle
kraou = stable
kraou-deñved = sheep pen, sheepfold
kraou lapined = (rabbit) hutch
kraou-saout, kraou oc’hen = cowshed

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *krāwə- (to cover, heap). The English word roof comes from the same PIE root (via Proto-Germanic), as does the Dutch word roef (cabin (on a boat), coffin lid), and the French word rouf (deckhouse) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) saball = barn

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) stábla = stable
saball = barn

Irish (Gaeilge) stábla = stable
stáblachán = large unadorned house

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stàball [sdaːbəl̪ˠ]= stable
stàballach = of, or belonging to a stable, like a stable
sabhal [sa.əl̪ˠ] = barn, granary

Manx (Gaelg) stabyl = stable
soalt = barn, granary

Proto-Brythonic *ɨstavell = room

Old Welsh (Kembraec) stebíll = room

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) estauell, ystauell, ystavell = room
(e)stauellauc, ystauellawc = having a room, chambered, roomy

Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)stafell [(ə)sˈtavɛɬ] = room, building, hall, house, chamber, cave, ventricle, stable (?)
(y)stafellu = to occupy a room, place in a room, become stuck
ystafellaid = roomful
(y)stafellaidd = pertaining to, held in, or like, a room, chambered
ystafelles = chambermaid
(y)stafellog = having a room, chambered, roomy
(y)stafellty = cloister, close
(y)stafellydd, ystafellwr = bedroom attendant, chamberlain, eunuch

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) stevel, steuel = chamber, dining room

Cornish (Kernewek) stevel = room
stevel an klass = classroom
stevel an lys = courtroom
stevel-dhybri = dining room
stevel-wortos = waiting room

Middle Breton staul = room (?)

Etymology: from Middle English stable (stable) or from Anglo-Norman stable (a place for keeping animals), from Latin stab(u)la (dwellings, stables), from stabulum (dwelling, stable, hut, tavern), from stō (to stand, stay, remain) and‎ -bulum (instrumental suffix) [source].

The Brythonic words probably come directly from Vulgar Latin *(i)stabellum, from stabulum (dwelling, stable, hut, tavern) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), Dutch (Nederlands), English, Etymology, French (français), Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Breton (Brethonoc), Old Irish (Goídelc), Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), WordsLeave a comment

Wool

11th August 202111th August 2021 By Simon

Words for wool and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *ulanā, *wlanā, *w(u)lāno-, *w(u)lano- = wool

Gaulish *wlanā = wool

Old Irish (Goídelc) olann [ˈolan͈] = wool
ollach = woolly

Irish (Gaeilge) olann [ˈɔlˠən̪ˠ] = wool, woolly hair, mop of hair; woollen
olanda = woolly
olannacht = woolliness
olanntáirgeach = wool-bearing
ollach = woolly, fleecy
ollacht = woolliness, fleeciness

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) olann [ˈɔl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = wool (usually while on sheep)
ola = woollen, made of wool
olach = woolly, fleecy

Manx (Gaelg) ollan = wool
ollanagh, olley = woolly
ollanaght = woolliness

Proto-Brythonic *gwlan [ˈɡwlaːn] = wool

Old Welsh gulan = wool

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gluan, gwlan = wool

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlân [ɡwlaːn] = wool, down, soft hair, grass, herbage; woollen, soft, made of wool
gwlana = to gather wool, beg or solicit wool
gwlanen = flannel, face-cloth; man of weak character, spineless person, unreliable person
gwlanendra = softness, lack of backbone
gwlanenêd = flannelette
gwlanel = flannel
gwlanennaidd, gwlanennog = flannelly, flannel-like, soft; weak-willed, without backbone, spineless (person), unreliable
gwlanennu = to provide with woollen clothing
gwlanennwr, gwlanennydd = flannel-maker, woollen-manufacturer, flannel-merchant, woollen-draper
gwlanog = woollen

Old Cornish gluan = wool

Middle Cornish glan, glawn = wool

Cornish (Kernewek) gwlan = wool
gwlanek = woollen, woolly

Middle Breton glan, gloan = wool

Breton (Brezhoneg) gloan = wool
gloanaj, gloanenn = woollen garment / material
gloanegenn = cozy, soft, snug
gloanell = cotten

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (wool). The English word flannel comes ultimately from the Gaulish *wlanā, via Old French and Norman [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Posted in Adjectives, Breton (Brezhoneg), Cornish (Kernewek), English, Etymology, French (français), Gaulish, Irish (Gaeilge), Language, Manx (Gaelg), Middle Breton (Brezonec), Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak), Middle Welsh (Kymraec), Nouns, Old Irish (Goídelc), Old Welsh (Kembraec), Proto-Brythonic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Indo-European, Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), Welsh (Cymraeg), Words1 Comment

Hurdle Fences

4th August 202122nd February 2023 By Simon

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle

Gaulish *cleta = hurdle

Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork

Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis

Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler

Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle

Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle

Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter

Old Cornish cluit = hurdle

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate

Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack

Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle

Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Language

Cloaks and Veils

Circles

Victory

Battle

Kisses

Cells and Churches

Oxen

Stable Enclosures

Wool

Hurdle Fences

Old Irish (Goídelc)	póc [poːɡ] = kiss
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	póc = kiss
Irish (Gaeilge)	póg [pˠoːɡ / pˠɔːɡ] = (to) kiss pógagh = kissing pógaire = kisser flaspóg smacking kiss
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	pòg [pɔːg] = (to) kiss pògach = pertaining to or abounding in kisses, given to kissing pògag = little kiss pògan, pòigean = little kiss, smack pòg Sgalpach = French kiss
Manx (Gaelg)	paag [ɡiː] = (to) kiss paagag = peck (kiss) paagagh = osculant, osculatory paagey = kissing, kiss, truss, osculate, osculation paageyr = kisser
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pocyn, poccyn = kiss
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pocyn = kiss, loud kissing noise impoc, impogpacs
Old Cornish	poccuil = kiss
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pok = kiss pokat = to kiss

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cussan, kussan, kusan = kiss
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cusan [ˈkɨ̞san/ˈkɪsan] = kiss cusanu = to kiss, touch lightly cusan bwbach = sore/scab on lip or cheek (“goblin’s kiss”)
Cornish (Kernewek)	kussyn = kiss

Old Irish (Goídelc)	cell [kʲel͈] = church
Irish (Gaeilge)	cill [ciːlʲ] = church, churchyard, cell cilldeighilt = cell division cillín = cell, hoard, nest-egg cillscannán = cel membrane aoncheallach = single celled, unicellular
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cill [kʲiːʎ] = chapel, churchyard, burial ground, graveyard, hermit’s cell cill-chlos = quietness of a churchyard cill chailleachan-dubha = nunnery cill-mhanach = abbey, monastery
Manx (Gaelg)	keeill = church, place of worship, oratory, small monastic cell (used mainly in place names) keeill aspickagh = cathedral
Proto-Brythonic	*kell = cell
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kell = cell
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cell [kɛɬ] = cell, bower cilgell = alcove, side apartment, recess (“corner cell”) llyfrgell = library (“book cell”) oergell = fridge (“cold cell”) rhewgell = freezer (“ice cell”) tangell = stove, cooker (“fire cell”)
Cornish (Kernewek)	kell [kɛlː/kɛlʰ] = cell
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kell [ˈkɛlː] = (prison / monastic) cell

Old Irish (Goídelc)	eclais [ˈeɡlisʲ] = church, clergy
Irish (Gaeilge)	eaglais [ˈaɡəl̪ˠəʃ / ˈɑːɡlˠəʃ / ˈaɡlˠəʃ] = church, church building eaglaiseach = churchman, clergyman, ecclesiastic eaglaiseoireacht = ecclesiastical matter or duties eaglasta = ecclesiastical
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	eaglais [egl̪ʲɪʃ] = church eaglaiseach = churchman eaglaiseil = ecclesiastical cathair-eaglais = cathedral eadar-eaglais = ecumenical neo-eaglais = secular
Manx (Gaelg)	agglish = oratory, church (people) agglishagh = cleric, clerical, ecclesiastic, canonical, divine, churchman eddyr-agglishagh = ecumenical
Proto-Brythonic	*egluɨs = church
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	eccluys, egluis, eccluis = church
Welsh (Cymraeg)	eglwys [ˈɛɡlʊɨ̯s / ˈɛɡlʊi̯s] = church eglwysa, eglwyso = to church, attend church eglwysaidd, eglwysol = ecclesiastic(al), church-like eglwysol = ecclesiastical, church-, cleric
Cornish (Kernewek)	eglos [ˈɛɡlɔs/ˈɛɡlɐz] = church eglos teg = temple
Breton (Brezhoneg)	iliz = church ilizamant = churching

Proto-Celtic	*uksōn = ox, stag
Old Irish (Goídelc)	oss = elk, deer, stag
Irish (Gaeilge)	os [ɔsˠ/ʌsˠ] = deer (literary) oiseoil [ˈɛʃˌoːlʲ/ˈɪʃˌoːlʲ] = venison oisín [əˈʃiːnʲ/ˈɔʃiːnʲ/ˈʌʃinʲ] = fawn (young deer) Oisín = name, and a character in Irish myths oisín róin = young seal osbhuí = fawn (colour)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	os [os] = deer oisfheoil [ɔʃjɔl] = venison
Proto-Brythonic	*uxī = ox
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ych, ich = ox
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ych [ɨːχ/iːχ] = ox ych gwyllt = wild ox, bison, buffalo gwin yr ych = spring-water (“wine of the ox”)
Cornish (Kernewek)	oghen = oxen
Old Breton	ohen = ox
Breton (Brezhoneg)	och’en = ox

Proto-Celtic	damos = ox, bull, domesticated animal dametos = sheep
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dam [daṽ] = ox, stag, hero, champion
Irish (Gaeilge)	damh [d̪ˠaw] = ox, stag; strong man, champion, corpulent person damh alla = stag damh comhair = one of a pair of oxen, yokefellow; equal, peer damháire = bellowing, lowing (of oxen), belling (of stag) damhán = small ox damhra = oxen, yoke of oxen; stags, herd of deer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	damh [dav] = stag (antlered, up to 4 yrs old), ox, oaf, crab missing a claw damh-féidh = hart, stag cho dall ri damh ann an ceò = as blind as a bat in daylight (“as blind as an ox in the fog”)
Manx (Gaelg)	dow = ox, hart, stag
Proto-Brythonic	*daβ̃ad = sheep
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	dauat, davad = sheep
Welsh (Cymraeg)	dafad [ˈdavad/ˈdaːvad] = sheep, ewe; one who is under the charge of a spiritual pastor defaid cymorth = sheep given to a needy person to form the nucleus of a flock dafad ddu = black sheep, prodigal son, ne’er do-well of a family defaid Dafydd Jos = waves, billows (“David Jones’ sheep”) mynd yn draed defaid = to go to ruin (“to become sheep’s feet”)
Old Cornish	dauat = sheep
Cornish (Kernewek)	davas = ewe, sheep kig davas = mutton
Breton (Brezhoneg)	dañvad [ˈdãː.vat] = sheep; overly kind, gentle person; cuckold, flock; small, fluffy clouds, foamy waves dañvadez = ewe

Proto-Celtic	kruw(y)os = enclosure krāfo- = stable, enclosure
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cró, cróe, cróa = enclosure, socket, stall, sty, horse-shoe, encirclement
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cró, cro = enclosure, fold, pen, sty, stall, hut, cell, prision, socket, box, container
Irish (Gaeilge)	cró [kɾˠoː / kɾˠɔː] = eye, socket; bore; aperture; ring; enclosure, fold, pen; (small) outhouse; mean dwelling, hovel; hollow cróicín = litte hut, hovel cróitín = small (sheep) fold, small outhouse cróbhuaile = enclosed milking-place cró beithíoch = byre, cowshed cró caorach = sheepfold, shieling cró cearc = henhouse cró coinín = rabbit hutch cró madra = (dog) kennel cró muc / muice = pigsty, piggery cró sorcais = circus ring
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	crò [krɔː] = circle, surround; enclosure, fold, pen; fishing weir; eye (of needle), socket; hay ladder crò-snàthaid = eye of a needle crò-chearc = chicken coop crò-mhuc = pigsty crò-buntàta = enclosed potato patch crò-chaorach = sheepfold
Manx (Gaelg)	croa = enclosure, compound, enclave, coop, fold, ring, corral, pen, aperture, notch croa cheyrragh = sheepcote croa chonning = rabbit hutch croa gheayil = (coal) bunker
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	creu, crau, kreu, craw = shed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	crau / craw [kraɨ̯ / krai̯] = sty, hovel, pigsty; place of defence, stockade crau = hole, eye, aperture, perforation crewyn = pile, heap, rick, clamp, load crowyn, crywyn, crewyn = shed where animals are kept, sty, coop, kennel, creel, basket; belly, paunch
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	crow = hovel, hut, sty crow môh = pigsty
Cornish (Kernewek)	krow = hut krow deves = sheep-cot krow mogh = pigsty krow prenn = chalet krow yer = chicken shed
Old Breton	crou = pigsty
Middle Breton	kraou = pigsty
Breton (Brezhoneg)	krao = eye (of a needle) krao an nadoz = eye of a needle kraou = stable kraou-deñved = sheep pen, sheepfold kraou lapined = (rabbit) hutch kraou-saout, kraou oc’hen = cowshed

Old Irish (Goídelc)	saball = barn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	stábla = stable saball = barn
Irish (Gaeilge)	stábla = stable stáblachán = large unadorned house
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	stàball [sdaːbəl̪ˠ]= stable stàballach = of, or belonging to a stable, like a stable sabhal [sa.əl̪ˠ] = barn, granary
Manx (Gaelg)	stabyl = stable soalt = barn, granary
Proto-Brythonic	*ɨstavell = room
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	stebíll = room
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	estauell, ystauell, ystavell = room (e)stauellauc, ystauellawc = having a room, chambered, roomy
Welsh (Cymraeg)	(y)stafell [(ə)sˈtavɛɬ] = room, building, hall, house, chamber, cave, ventricle, stable (?) (y)stafellu = to occupy a room, place in a room, become stuck ystafellaid = roomful (y)stafellaidd = pertaining to, held in, or like, a room, chambered ystafelles = chambermaid (y)stafellog = having a room, chambered, roomy (y)stafellty = cloister, close (y)stafellydd, ystafellwr = bedroom attendant, chamberlain, eunuch
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	stevel, steuel = chamber, dining room
Cornish (Kernewek)	stevel = room stevel an klass = classroom stevel an lys = courtroom stevel-dhybri = dining room stevel-wortos = waiting room
Middle Breton	staul = room (?)

Proto-Celtic	ulanā, wlanā, w(u)lāno-, w(u)lano- = wool
Gaulish	*wlanā = wool
Old Irish (Goídelc)	olann [ˈolan͈] = wool ollach = woolly
Irish (Gaeilge)	olann [ˈɔlˠən̪ˠ] = wool, woolly hair, mop of hair; woollen olanda = woolly olannacht = woolliness olanntáirgeach = wool-bearing ollach = woolly, fleecy ollacht = woolliness, fleeciness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	olann [ˈɔl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = wool (usually while on sheep) ola = woollen, made of wool olach = woolly, fleecy
Manx (Gaelg)	ollan = wool ollanagh, olley = woolly ollanaght = woolliness
Proto-Brythonic	*gwlan [ˈɡwlaːn] = wool
Old Welsh	gulan = wool
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gluan, gwlan = wool
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwlân [ɡwlaːn] = wool, down, soft hair, grass, herbage; woollen, soft, made of wool gwlana = to gather wool, beg or solicit wool gwlanen = flannel, face-cloth; man of weak character, spineless person, unreliable person gwlanendra = softness, lack of backbone gwlanenêd = flannelette gwlanel = flannel gwlanennaidd, gwlanennog = flannelly, flannel-like, soft; weak-willed, without backbone, spineless (person), unreliable gwlanennu = to provide with woollen clothing gwlanennwr, gwlanennydd = flannel-maker, woollen-manufacturer, flannel-merchant, woollen-draper gwlanog = woollen
Old Cornish	gluan = wool
Middle Cornish	glan, glawn = wool
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwlan = wool gwlanek = woollen, woolly
Middle Breton	glan, gloan = wool
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gloan = wool gloanaj, gloanenn = woollen garment / material gloanegenn = cozy, soft, snug gloanell = cotten

Proto-Celtic	*klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish	*cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc)	clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge)	cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music) cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork cliathóg = (small) hurdle cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker cliathrás = hurdle race cliathreathaí = hurdler cliathreathaíocht = hurdling Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music) cliathag = small hurdle cliath-bhogsa = crate cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg)	cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish cleea = hurdle cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic	*kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec	cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful clwydedd = door, gate clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish	cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek)	kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton	klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis