Wild

Words for wild and related words, in Celtic languages.

Gleann Nam Fiadh ..

Proto-Celtic *wēdus/*weido- [ˈweː.dus] = wild
*weido-mokku- wild pig
Old Irish (Goídelc) fíad [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Irish (Gaeilge) fia [fʲiːɾˠ] = waste, wilderness; land, territory
fiabheatha = wildlife
fiáin = wild, uncultivated, undomesticated, uncontrolled, tempestuous, intensely eager
fiánta = wild, fierce, savage
fiántas = wildness, fierceness, savageness; wilderness
fiata = wild, fierce, angry; shy
fiatacht = wildness, fierceness, sternness, anger
fiatúil = wild, coarse, rough
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fiadh [fiəɣ] = lord; wildness, wilderness (archaic)
fiadhan [fiə.an] = wildness, shyness, feral
fiadhaich [fiə.ɪç] = untamed, uncultivated, wild; fierce; off (food & drink); extremely
fiadhaichead [fiə.ɪçəd] = savageness, wildness, savagery
fiadhain [fia.ɛn̯ʲ] = wild, untamed
fiadhtachd [fiəhdəxg] = wildness, fierceness
faoileachail [fɯːləxal] = wild, savage
Manx (Gaelg) feie = natural, wild, savage
faasagh = wild, desolate, wilderness, waste place, desert
feiar, feiaragh = savage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨð = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gŵydd, gvyd = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵydd [ɡuːɨ̯ð/ɡʊi̯ð] = wild, untamed, savage, untilled, uncultivated, woody, overgrown, desolate, desert; unploughed land, fallow land
Old Cornish guir = wild
Middle Cornish gwyr, guyr = wild
Cornish (Kernewek) goodh = wild
Old Breton guoid, guoed = wild
Middle Breton goez = wild
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouez = wild, fierce, ferocious, brutal, rustic

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ- (wood, wilderness). Words for Gael(ic) come from the same root [source].

Disambiguation
There are several words in Welsh similar to gŵydd, each of which has different meanings and origins:

  • gŵydd = wild, untamed, savage
  • gŵydd = presence, sight, face, from the Proto-Celtic *wēdos (sight, presence) [source]
  • gŵydd = goose, simpleton. From the Proto-Celtic *gesdā (goose) [source]
  • gŵydd = grave, sepulchre, burial-mound, tumulus. Possibly related to gwŷdd (tree), or to gŵydd (wild)
  • gwŷdd/gŵydd = knowledge, science. Related to gwybod (to know)
  • gwŷdd = tree(s), branches, twigs, forest, woods, shrub(s), lineage. From the Proto-Celtic *widus (wood, trees) [more details]
  • gwëydd/gwehydd/gwŷdd = weaver, composer of poetry, weaver of songs. From gwau (to weave), from the Proto-Celtic *wegyeti (to weave) [source]
Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis wild
Old Irish (Goídelc) geilt [fʲiːa̯ð] = wasteland, wilderness; uncultivated land, territory, land
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) geilt/gelt = madman, lunatic
Irish (Gaeilge) gealt [ɟal̪ˠt̪ˠ] = crazy person, lunatic; panic-stricken person, naked fugitive
gealtach = crazed, insane, wild, panic-stricken person or animal
gealtachas = craziness, lunacy, panic, terror
gealtacht = lunacy, insanity, wildness, panic
gealtlann = lunatic asylum
gealtra = (gang of) wild, mischievous children
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geilt [gʲeldʲ] = terror, fear, dread, skittishness
gaelachan [gʲal̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
tinneas na gealaich = lunacy, madness, insanity (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) doghanagh = ill, diseased, disoredered, morbid, sickly
eayst-ghoghanagh = lunatic
far-ghoghanagh = malingerer
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨlt [ˈɡwiːr] = wild
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guyll, gwyllt = rude (uncultivated), savage, wild
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyllt [ɡwɨːɬt/ɡwɪɬt] = wild, timid, untamed, angry, furious, fierce; uncultivated, uninhabited, desolate, desert; stormy, tempestuous, raging, turbulent
gwylltineb = wildness, rashness, rage, fury
gwylltio = to lose one’s temper, be scared, flee, grow wild
gwylltaidd = wildish, turbulent, unruly, irresponsible
gwylltâf/gwylltáu = to become wild, grow wild
Old Cornish guill = wild
Cornish (Kernewek) gwyls = wild, fierce, savage, violent
gwylvos = wilderness
Old Breton gueld = wild, untamed

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰel-t- [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Really True

Words for true and related words, in Celtic languages.

Creu Gwir fel gwydr o ffwrnais awen

Proto-Celtic *wīros = true
*wīrjā-/wīrjānjā- = truth
*wīrjāno- = truthful, just
Old Irish (Goídelc) fír [fʲiːr] = true, truth
fír fer = fair play
fír flatha = just rule
fír nDé = ordeal (true)
Irish (Gaeilge) fíor [fʲiːɾˠ] = true, real, intense, very, ultra; noble
fíoraigh = to verify
fíoreolas = real knowledge
fíorfhuil = pure, noble, blood
fíorga = righteous
fíorgacht = righteousness
fíorghrá = true love
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fìor [fiər] = true, veritable; genuine, real, actual, authentic
fìreanta [fiːrʲən̪ˠdə] = true, just, righteous
fìrinn [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲ] = truth, verity, fact, reality; the Gospel
fìrinneach [fiːrʲɪn̪ʲəx] = true, truthful, factual, real, just, honest
fìrinnich, fìreanaich = to verify, justify, exonerate
fìorghlan = chaste, immaculate, pure
fìor-riochdail = realistic
fìor-uisge = springwater, freshwater
Manx (Gaelg) feer = very, exceptionally, true, real, authentic, regular
feeraghey, feerey, firrinaghey = to verity, affirm
feeraghey, firrinaghey = to authenticate, authentication, certify, confirm
feerid = truth, reality, simplicity, veracity, authenticity
feer ushtey = fresh water
firrinagh = authentic, candid, devout, faithful, honest, real
Proto-Brythonic *gwir [ˈɡwiːr] = true
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwir, guir, gvir = true
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwir [ɡwiːr] = true, certain, genuine, real, very, right, sure
gwiriad = confirmation, verification, proof, check, assertion
gwir(i)af, gwir(i)o = to prove right or correct, confirm, verify
gwiriant = confirmation, verification
gwirion = pure, sinless, blameless, chaste, true, faithful; weak-minded, silly, daft, foolish, unwise; simpleton, fool, idiot
gwir(i)edig = verified, checked, proved, attested, confirmed
gwiriedigol = positive, certain
gwir golau = Right Honourable
Gwir Anrhydeddus = the plain/naked/honest truth
yn wir = in truth, indeed, verily
cael y gwir = to get justice, get one’s due
Old Cornish guir = true
Middle Cornish gwyr, guyr = true
Cornish (Kernewek) gwir = true, genuine, real, right, actual; authentic
gwiryonedh, gwrionedh = truth
gwiryon = truthful
gwirvos = reality
gwirya, gwirhe = to verify
gwir-pryntya = copyright
y’n gwir = really
yn hwir, dhe wir = truly, really
Old Breton gwuir = true
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwir [ɡwiʁ] = right, true, correct; truth
gwiriañ = to verify
gwirionez = truth
gwirvoud = reality
e(n) gwir = really

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (true) from *weh₁- (true). English words such as verdict, verity, very and warlock come from the same root [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Apples

Words for apples and related words, in Celtic languages.

Apples / afalau

Proto-Celtic *abalom = apple
*abalnā = apple tree
Gaulish abalon, aballon = apple, apple tree
Old Irish (Goídelc) ubull, uball [ˈu.vul͈/ˈu.val͈] = apple
aball = apple tree
Irish (Gaeilge) úll [uːl̪ˠ] = apple; ball-and-socket joint; globular object, ball
úllach = bearing apples, abounding in apples
úllachán = little apple, little ball (of thread, etc)
úlllgharraí, úllghort, úllord = orchard
úllghlas = apple-green
úll óir = golden apple, precious thing
abhaill = apple tree
fia-úll = crab-apple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ubhal [u.əl̪ˠ] = apple
ubhal-chrann, abhaill = apple tree
ubhal-cridhe = tomato
ubhal-fiadhain, fiadh-ubhal, searbh-ubhal = crab/wild apple (malus sylvestris)
ubhal-ghort = apple orchard
dearc-ubhal = oak apple
lionn-ubhal = (apple) cider
òr-ubhal = orange
Manx (Gaelg) ooyl = apple, pommel
ooylagh = orchard
billey ooyl = apple tree
ooyl feie = crab-apple
ooyl ghraih = tomato
ooyl ghraney, ooyl ghrineagh = pomegranate
Proto-Brythonic *aβal = apple
*aβaln = apple tree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aual, aval, afal = apple
auallen, avallen, yfallen = apple tree
Welsh (Cymraeg) afal [ˈaval/ˈaːval] = apple
afallen = apple tree
afal cariad = tomato, love-apple
afal cwins = quince
afal drain = haw, hawthorn berry
afal gwlanog = peach
afal sur (bach) = crab apple
Cornish (Kernewek) aval [ˈaval/ˈævɐl] = apple
avalen = apple tree
aval briansen = larynx
aval dor = potato
aval gwlanek = peach
aval kerenja/kerensa = tomato
aval lagas = eyeball
aval paradhis = grapefruit
aval saben = pine cone
Old Breton abal = apple
Middle Breton aval [ˈɑː.val] = apple
Breton (Brezhoneg) aval = apple
avalwez = apple tree
aouraval = orange
greunaval = pomegranate
aval-douar = potato

Etmology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (apple), which is also the root of words for apple in Baltic, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic and Italic languages [source].

Avalon, the legendary island in the west to which King Arthur was taken after the Battle of Camlann, probably comes from the same root, via the Latin Insula Avallonis – the name used by Geoffrey of Monmonth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136). Avalon may have been the Isle of Man, or the Isle of Arran, which were known as Emain Ablach in Old Irish poems [source.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Strawberries

Words for strawberries and related words, in Celtic languages.

Strawberries

Proto-Celtic *subhī = strawberries
Old Irish (Goídelc) sub = strawberry
sub craéb = raspberry
Irish (Gaeilge) [sˠuː] = (red) berry
sú craobh = raspberry
sú talún = strawberry
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùbh [suː] = berry, soft fruit
sùbh-craobh = raspberry
sùbh-craobh ruiteach = salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
sùbh-làir fiadhain = wild / Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca)
sùbh nam ban-sìthe = stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis)
sùbh-thalmhainn = strawberry
Manx (Gaelg) soo [suː] = berry
soo crouw = raspberry
soo thallooin = strawberry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yssyui / syui / syvi = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg) syfi(en) [ˈsəvi] = (wild) strawberries
syfi coch/gwyllt/bach = wild strawberries
syfi gardd = cultivated strawberries)
syfïa = to gather (wild) strawberries
Old Cornish syvyen = strawberry
Cornish (Kernewek) sevi(en) = strawberries
Old Breton s(u)iuy = strawberries
Middle Breton siuy = strawberries
Breton (Brezhoneg) sivi(enn) = strawberries
sivia = to pick strawberries
sivi-garzh = wild strawberries

Etmology: possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate [source]

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ymevvs / mefys / mefvs / mevys = strawberries
Welsh (Cymraeg) mefus(en) [ˈmɛvɨ̞s / ˈmeːvɪs] = strawberries
mefus y goedwig / mefus y coed = wild strawberries

Etmology: from the Vulgar Latin majusa (“mayberry”), or from the Basque mart (blackberry, bramble), or from the Gaulish *majoþa [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Blackberries

Words for blackberries and related words, in Celtic languages.

Blackberries

Proto-Celtic *smiyoros = berry, berries
Old Irish (Goídelc) smér = blackberry
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) smér = blackberry
Irish (Gaeilge) sméar [sˠmʲiaɾˠ/sˠmʲeːɾˠ] = berry, blackberry
sméarach = abounding in blackberries
sméardhris = blackberry bush, bramble
sméara dubha = blackberries
púca na sméar = fruit-destroying pooka, herald of winter
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) smeur [smiar] = bramble, blackberry, mulberry
smeur-dhubh = blackberry
smeur-craoibhe = mulberry
smeur-loganach = loganberry
smeur-Artaigeach = nagoonberry, Arctic bramble/raspberry (Rubus arcticus)
craobh nan smeur = mulberry tree (Morus)
Manx (Gaelg) smeyr = blackberry, berry
smeyr ghoo = blackberry
smeyr churree = cranberry
smeyr fannag = crowberry
smeyr loaganagh = cloudberry
crouw smeyr = mulberry
Proto-Brythonic *muɨar = blackberries, berries
Welsh (Cymraeg) mwyar(en) [ˈmʊɨ̯.ar/ˈmʊi̯.ar] = blackberries, dewberries, brambles, briers, berries
mwyara = to gather blackberries; to be idle
mwyarbren = mulberry bush, blackberry bush, bramble
mwyar Berwyn/ mwyar Doewan = wild raspberries, (Rubus idæus), cloudberries, (Rubus chamæmorus)
mwyar y brain = bilberries, whimberries, whortleberries (Vaccinium myrtillus)
mwyar y ddaear = dewberries (Rubus cæsius), cloudberries
mwyar du(on) = blackberries (Rubus fruticosus)
mwyar Ffrengig = mulberries, blackberries
mwyar glas = dewberries
mwyar Mair = mulberries, dewberries
Old Cornish moyr(bren) = berries
Cornish (Kernewek) mor(en) = berries
mora = to gather blackberries
mor du = blackberries
Old Breton moiaroc = berries
Breton (Brezhoneg) mouar(enn) = blackberries, berries; bramble, mulberry tree
mouar du / mouar gouez = blackberries, dewberries
mouar gwenn = mulberries
mouar ruz = red mulberries

Etmology: unknown

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF)

Milk

Words for milk, and related words, in Celtic languages.

North versus South

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *laxto- = milk
Old Irish (Goídelc) lacht [l͈axt] = milk
Irish (Gaeilge) lacht [l̪ˠɑxt̪ˠ / l̪ˠaxt̪ˠ] = milk, yield of milk; tears
lachtadh = lacation; flooding (of eyes)
lachaí = nursling
lachtach = lactic, milky; tearful
lachtbhán = milkwhite
lachtmhar = lactiferous, milky, abounding in milk
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lac, lachd = sweet milk
Manx (Gaelg) laghtveih = milk gauge, milk tester
Proto-Brythonic *llaɨθ = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llaeth = milk
Welsh (Cymraeg) llaeth [ɬaːɨ̯θ / ɬai̯θ] = milk; milk-like substance, latex; milt, soft roe
llaetha(f), llaethu = to yield milk, lactate, feed with milk, turn to milk
llaetheiddrwydd = milkiness, lactescence
llaethiad = lactation
llaethlyd = milk-like, milky
llaethog = milky, abounding in milk
llaethogrwydd, llaethedd = milkiness
llaethwraig = milkmaid, dairymaid, good milker
llaethyddol = dairy, dairying
y Llwybr Llaethog the Milky Way
Old Cornish lait = milk
Middle Cornish leth, leyth = milk
Cornish (Kernewek) leth = milk
Breton (Brezhoneg) laezh [ˈlɛːs] = milk

Etmology: from the Vulgar Latin *lacte (milk), from the Latin *lac (milk), from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵlákt [source].

Proto-Celtic *mlixtus = milk
Old Irish (Goídelc) mlicht [mʲlʲixt] = milch, in milk (of cattle)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) blicht = milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bleacht [bʲlʲaxt̪ˠ] = milk, milk yield
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bliochd [blixg] = milkiness, milk
bliochdmhor [blixg(v)ər] = milky, full of milk
bliochdach = milky, like milk, lacteous
Manx (Gaelg) bluight = lactiferous, lacteal, galactic
bluightagh, ollagh vluight = milking cows
Proto-Brythonic *bliθ = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) blyth = milk
lleurith = milk
Welsh (Cymraeg) blith [bliːθ] = milch, lactating (of cow, etc), full of milk, in calf, in lamb, pregant, fruitful, productive, nourising; milk, dairy produce, lactation, dairying; profit, gain, advantage
blithog, blithiog = milch, giving milk, full of milk, fruitful, productive, bearing offspring
llefrith [ˈɬɛvrɪθ] = milk, new milk, sweet milk, fresh milk
Old Cornish leuerid = milk
Breton (Brezhoneg) livrizh = milk

Etmology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ml̥ǵtus, from *h₂melǵ- (milk, to milk) [source].

The Welsh word llefrith, which is used in North Wales, comes from llef (weak) and blith (milk) [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

Other words for milk in Proto-Celtic include: *glaxtā-, *melgos-, *mlig-e/o-, *seigi- and *sutu-.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Nuts

Words for nut and related words in Celtic languages.

Nuts!

Proto-Celtic *knūs / *knuwjā- = nut
Old Irish (Goídelc) cnú [knuː] = nut
cnú frangcach = walnut
Irish (Gaeilge) cnó = nut
cnó capaill = horse-chestnut
cnó cócó = coconut
cnó coill/gealach = hazelnut
cnó francach/gallda = walnut
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cnò [krɔ̃ː] = nut; vesicle, gas bladder (on seaweed)
cnò-almoin = almond
cnò challtainn = hazelnut
cnò-chòco = coconut
cnò Fhrangach = walnut
cnò-gheanmnaidh = chestnut
cnò-thalmhainn = groundnut, peanut
Manx (Gaelg) cro = nut, gall
cro almon/Greagagh = almond
cro coull = hazelnut
cro bainney = coconut
cro teayst = doughnut
cro thallooin = peanut, groundnut, monkey nut
Proto-Brythonic *know = nut
Welsh (Cymraeg) cnau [knaɨ̯/knai̯] = nuts
cneuen = nut
cnau almond = almongs
cnau barfog = hazelnuts, chestnuts
cnau ceffylau = horse-chestnuts
cnau coco = coconuts
cnau Ffrengig = walnutes
Cornish (Kernewek) know [knoʊ] = nuts
knowen, knofen = nut
know dor = peanuts
know Frenk/Frynk = walnuts
know koko = coconuts
know koll = hazelnuts
know toos = doughnuts
Old Breton cnou = nut
Breton (Brezhoneg) kraoñ [kʁɔ̃] = nuts, walnuts
kraonenn = nut
kraoñ-kelvez = hazelnuts
kraoñ-kokoz = coconuts

Etymology: possibly from the Pre-Celtic *knuHs. Cognate with the Proto-Germanic *hnuts (nut) and the Latin nux (nut, nut tree, almond tree), which come from the from Proto-Indo-European *knew- [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Cheese

Words for cheese and related words in Celtic languages.

Cheese

Old Irish (Goídelc) cáise = cheese
Irish (Gaeilge) cáis [kɑːʃ / kæːʃ] = cheese
cáiseoir = cheese-maker, cheese-monger
cáisiúil = cheesy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) càise [kaːʃə] = cheese
càisean, cùl-càise = cheese rind
brèid-càise, anart-càise = cheesecloth
Manx (Gaelg) caashey = cheese, cheesy
caasheydagh = cheesy
Proto-Brythonic *kọs = cheese
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) caws, caus = cheese
Welsh (Cymraeg) caws [kau̯s] = cheese, curds, a cheese
cawsa = to beg cheese, collect cheese
cawsai = cheese begger, one who makes cheese
cawsaidd = caseous, cheesy
cawsion = curd, curds, curdlings
cawslestr = cheesel, cheese vat/mould
cawslïain = cheese-cloth
cawsty = cheese house, dairy
cosyn [ˈkɔsɨ̞n / ˈkɔsɪn] = a piece of cheese
Cornish (Kernewek) keus [køːs] = cheese
keuswask = cheese press
Breton (Brezhoneg) keuz = cheese
keuzerezh = cheese factory

Etymology: from the Latin cāseus (cheese), from the Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (to ferment, become sour) [source].

Middle Breton) fourondec, foulondec = cheese
Breton (Brezhoneg) formaj = cheese
fourmajerezh = cheese factory

Etymology: from the Latin Latin fōrmāticum (cheese), short for cāseus fōrmāticus (form cheese), from cāseus (cheese) amd fōrma (form, mold) [source]. More cheesy words in European languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Bridges

Words for bridges and related words in Celtic languages.

Menai Bridge / Pont y Borth

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) drochet [ˈdroxʲed] = bridge
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drochet, drochat, droichet = bridge, causeway
drochetech, drochetóir = bridge-maker
Irish (Gaeilge) droichead [ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛçəd̪ˠ] = bridge
droichead crochta = suspension bridge
droichead tógála = drawbridge
droichead meáite = weigh bridge
droichead veidhlín = bridge of a violin
droichead sróine = bridge of the nose
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) drochaid [drɔxɪdʲ] = bridge
drochaid air fleodradh = pontoon
drochaid-thogalach, drochaid-thogail = drawbridge
drochaid-choise = footbridge
drochaid-rathaid = road bridge, viaduct
drochaid-thionndain = swing bridge
Manx (Gaelg) droghad = bridge, bridge of ship, arch, gantry
droghad aae = viaduct
droghad cassee = swing bridge
droghad coshey = gangway, footbridge
droghad croghit = suspension bridge
droghad keesh = toll bridge
droichead meihaghey = weigh bridge

Etymology: from Old Irish droch (wheel, circlet) and sét (path) [source].

Gaulish ponto = bridge
Proto-Brythonic *pont = bridge
Cumbric *pont = bridge
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pont = bridge
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pont, pynt = bridge, drawbridge
Welsh (Cymraeg) pont [pɔnt] = bridge, drawbridge, viaduct, aqueduct
pontio = to bridge (a gap), to transition
pont godi = drawbridge
pont grog = suspension bridge
pont trwyn = bridge of the nose
pont y glaw, pont law = rainbow
pont ysgwydd = collar-bone, clavicle
pontio = to bridge, span, arch
pont(i)og = like a bridge, arched of the nature of a bridge
pont(i)wr, pontydd = a bridge-builder
pontyddiaeth = bridge-building
Old Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Cornish (Kernewek) pons = bridge
ponsfordh = viaduct
pons travalya = travelling bridge
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pont = bridge
Breton (Brezhoneg) pont [pɔ̃nt] = bridge, top of the furrow, culvert, trigger guard
pontan, pontañ = to bridge, lay flat stones (on a ditch or stream)
pont-tro = swing bridge
pont hent-houarn = railway bridge
pont dilestrañ = bridge, deck (of ship)
pont kargañ = loading deck
pont-tro = swing bridge

Etymology: from Latin pōns (bridge, deck), from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (path, road), from *pent- (path). Words from the same roots include pont (bridge) in French, puente (bridge) in Spanish, път [pɤt] (road, way, path, journey, way) in Bulgarian source].

Proto-Celtic *brīwā = bridge
Gaulish briua = bridge
Leptonic 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam) = funerary construction (perhaps a grave)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw/*bʰrēw (wooden flooring, decking, bridge), which is also the root of the English words bridge and brig, and Brücke (bridge) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Peaks

Words for peaks and tops and related words in Celtic languages.

View from Snowdon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bandā = top, peak; horn
*benno- = peak, top
Gaulish benn/*bannā = peak
Old Irish (Goídelc) benn [bʲen͈] = mountain, crag, peak, point, crest, summit, pinnacle, spire; gable, corner, horn (of animal), drinking horn, prong, crest
bennán = horned animal, cow, calf; horned or peaked object
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) benn = mountain, crag, peak, point, crest, summit, pinnacle, spire, gable, corner, prong, crest
bennacán = little horned one, calf
bennach = pointed, peaked, horned
bennán = a horned animal, calf
bennchopor = steeple, tower
Irish (Gaeilge) beann = horn, antler; drinking horn; prong (of fork)
beannach = horned, antlered, pronged, peaked, gabled, angular
beannógach = peaked,angular
binn = peak; gable; cliff; corner, edge, margin; lap; side, portion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beann [bjaun̪ˠ] = horn, peak, top, corner, skirt
beannach = [bjan̪ˠəx] = pointed, horned
beinn [bein̪ʲ] = mountain, mount, high hill
beinn-theine = volcano
eigh-bheinn = iceberg
Manx (Gaelg) beinn = mountain, ben, summit, pinnacle, apex, tine of deer
beinn rioee = iceberg
Proto-Brythonic *bann = top, peak
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bann, = top, tip, peak, summit
Welsh (Cymraeg) ban [ban] = top, tip, peak, summit, crest, peak, beacon, height, pinnacle, turret, hill, mountain, bare hill; chief; drinking horn, horn (of animal); arm, branch, beam, point (of cross)
bannau’r byd = corners, quarters or regions of the world, the ends of the earth
ban caer, ban y gaer = rampart of a fort; top or height of a fortess
ban lleuad = quarters of the moon, new moon
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban = that which is high, a height, mountain, summit
Cornish (Kernewek) ban = prominence
Breton (Brezhoneg) bann = rising, uphill, upright, post, column

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bn̥dʰéh₂ from *bendʰ- (pin, point). The Scots word ben (mountain, hill) comes from the Scottish Gaelic beinn. From Gaulish we get the Catalan words banya (horn) and banyut (horned, unfaithful), and the Occitan bana (horn), and the English word pin comes from the same PIE root [source].

See the post about Mountains for other mountain-related words, such as sliabh in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and mynydd in Welsh.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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