Man / Husband

3rd March 201922nd April 2022 By Simon

Words for man / husband in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*wiros = man, husband
Celtiberian	*uiros = man, husband
Gaulish	*wiros = man, husband
Primitive Irish	ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (viras) [u̯irah] = man
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fer [fʲer] = man, husband
Irish (Gaeilge)	fear [fʲaɾˠ] = man, husband
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fear [fɛr] = man, husband, male
Manx (Gaelg)	fer [fɛr] = male, man, gentleman, individual, fellow, bloke, chap
Proto-Brythonic	*gwur [ˈˠwur] = man, husband
Old Welsh	gur = man, husband
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gur = man, husband
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gŵr [ɡuːr] = man, person, anyone, valiant warrior, brave man, hero; vassal; married man, husband; chessman, pawn
Old Cornish	uir = husband
Cornish (Kernewek)	gour [ɡu:r] = husband
Middle Breton	gur = man, husband
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gour [ˈɡuːʁ] = man, person, husband (rare)

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (man, husband, warrior, hero) [source], which is also the root of the English words virile and werewolf.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Troop, host, throng

19th February 20194th November 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at troop, host, throng and related word in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*slougos = troop, army
Gaulish	*slugi = troop, army
Old Irish (Goídelc)	slóg, slúag = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	slúagh = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Irish (Gaeilge)	slua [sˠl̪ˠuə] = host, force, army; crowd, multitude, throng sluaghán = slogan sluamhar = having large forces, multitudinous slógadh = mobilization, hosting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sluagh [sl̪ˠuəɣ] = folk, people, populace; the fairy host; crowd sluaghmhor = populous, densely, inhabited sluagh-ghairm = slogan an sluagh cumanta = the common folk sluagh na sìthe = the fairies (poetic) sluagh Innse Fàil = the people of Ireland (poetic)
Manx (Gaelg)	sleih = commonalty, crowd, family, inhabitants, people, populace, public, relations sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic	*lʉɣ [ˈlʉːɣ] = troop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	llu, llv = host, throng, multitude
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llu [ɬɨː / ɬiː] = host, a large number (of people), a great many, multitude, throng, crowd, flock (of birds); army, body of armed men, regiment lluaf, lluo = to throng, crowd, flock together, gather, bring together lluarth = military camp lluarthaf, lluarthu = to pitch camp, encamp, camp heddlu = police
Old Cornish	lu = army
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	lu = a great multitude, host, army
Cornish (Kernewek)	lu [ly: / liˑʊ] = army, military, troop morlu, lu lestri = navy
Old Breton	lu = army
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	lu = army morlu = navy
Breton (Brezhoneg)	lu = army aerlu = airforce morlu = navy

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos / *slowgos (entourage), which is also the root of the English word slew [source].

The English word slogan comes from the Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm [ˈsɫ̪uəɣɤɾʲəm] (battle cry) from the Old Irish slóg/slúag (army, host, throng, crowd), and gairm (call, cry, crow, proclamation) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Person, people, human

18th February 201922nd July 2022 By Simon

Words for person, people and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*gdonyos = person
Old Irish (Goídelc)	duine [ˈdunʲe] = person duineta = human dóenacht [ˈdoːi̯naxt] = humanity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	duine = human, human being, man, mankind, person
Irish (Gaeilge)	duine [ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə] = human being, man, mankind, person, people, one duineata = human, kindly duineatacht = humaneness, kindliness duiniúil = human, natural, kindly duiniúlacht = humanity, kindliness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	duine [dɯn̪ʲə] = fellow, person, man, husband, (any)one daonnachd [dɯːn̪ˠəxg] = humanity, charity, benevolence, liberality, hospitality duine-uasal = gentleman
Manx (Gaelg)	dooinney [ˈd̪uːnʲə] = human, man, fellow, husband deiney = human, man, menfolk dooinnalys = humanity, human nature dooinnidaght = humaneness
Proto-Brythonic	*dün [ˈdyːn] = human, person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	din, dyn = man, human being
Welsh (Cymraeg)	dyn [dɨːn / diːn] = man, human being; person, one, anyone; mankind, the human race; manservant, vassal; manly or competent person dynes [ˈdənɛs] = woman dynegwr, dynegydd = anthropologist dynfarch [ˈdənvarχ] = centaur dyneidd(i)o = to render man-like or human, personify, humanize, civilize, tame, refine dyneiddiol = humanistic, humanitarian, humanizing, civilizing
Old Cornish	den = man, person
Cornish (Kernewek)	den [dɛ:n / de:n] = man, guy, human, person dengerenjedhek, dengerensedhek = humanitarian denladh = homicide, manslaughter denladhyas = assassin, killer, murderer denses = humanity
Old Breton	den / don = man, person
Middle Breton	den = man, person
Breton (Brezhoneg)	den [ˈdẽːn] = human being, person, man, husband

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰom-yo- (earthling, human), from *dʰéǵʰōm (earth), which is also the root of the English words human, humus and (bride)groom [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	popul [ˈpobul] = people; tribe, nation, inhabitants; folk; populace, crowd
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	popul = people
Irish (Gaeilge)	pobal [ˈpˠɔbˠəlˠ / ˈpˠʌbˠəlˠ] = people, community; parish, congregation; population pobalscoil = community school poblacht = republic poblachtach = republican teach pobail = church, chapel teange an phobail = vernacular
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	poball [pobəl̪ˠ] = folk, people; community; laity, lay people poballach [pobəl̪ˠəx] = popular, populous poblachd [pɔbl̪ˠəxg] = republic
Manx (Gaelg)	pobble = people, population, community, folk, congregation, masses pobbylagh = public, populous pobblaght = republic
Proto-Brythonic	*pobl = people
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pobyl = people
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pobl [ˈpʰɔbl̩ˠ / ˈpʰɔbl̩] = people, public, nation, tribe, crowd, inhabitants pybl = people, the common person, folk poblog = populous, peopled, populated; popular, acceptable; common poblogaeth = population, populousness poblogedig = populated, inhabited poblogeiddio = to popularize poblogi = to populate, people, inhabit; to popularize
Old Cornish	popel = people
Cornish (Kernewek)	pobel = people pobla = to populate poblans = population poblansorieth = demographics poblansoriethek = demographic
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pobl = people, multitude

Etymology: from the Latin populus (people, nation, community), from the Proto-Italic *poplos (army) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

To Carry / Flow

11th February 201911th February 2019 By Simon

Words for to carry / flow in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	bereti = to carry
Old Irish (Goídelc)	beirid [ˈbʲerʲiðʲ] = to carry
Irish (Gaeilge)	beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth, lay, bear away, bring, take (verb noun = béarfaidh)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	beir [berʲ] = to take hold, bring forth, bear, produce (verb noun = breith)
Manx (Gaelg)	behr = to bear (give birth to) (verb noun: brey)
Proto-Brythonic	*bėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to flow, carry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	beru = to flow, drip; drizzle
Middle Breton	beraff = to flow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	berañ = to drip, drain, wring out; to flow, run

Etymology: possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Praise

11th February 201918th February 2019 By Simon

Words for to praise in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	molātor = to praise, laud
Old Irish (Goídelc)	molaidir = to praise
Irish (Gaeilge)	mol = to praise, commend, recommend, award (verb noun = moladh)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	mol [mɔl̪ˠ] = to praise, extol, recommend, advise, exalt, magnify (verb noun = moladh)
Manx (Gaelg)	moyl = to cheer (praise), bamboozle, recommend, compliment, commend, applaud, laud (verb noun = moylley)
Old Welsh	molim = to praise
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	moli = to praise
Welsh (Cymraeg)	moli = to praise, laud, eulogize, extol, magnify, honour, cheer
Middle Breton	meuliff = to praise
Breton (Brezhoneg)	meuliñ = to praise, flatter, stroke

Etymology: possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ- (praise) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Dictionnaire Favereau

Fire Angels

27th January 201922nd February 2020 By Simon

Words for fire in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*teɸnets = fire
Old Irish (Goídelc)	teine [ˈtʲenʲe] = fire
Irish (Gaeilge)	tine [ˈtʲɪnʲə] = fire, conflagration; incandescence, flame; luminosity, glow; flash; inflammation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	teine [tʲenə] = fire, flame, conflagration
Manx (Gaelg)	çhenney = elemental fire, lightning, rickets
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tan [taːn] = fire
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tân [taːn] = fire, conflagration, bonfire, flame, spark, light (for a cigarette), match; high temperature (from fever)
Cornish (Kernewek)	tan [ta:n / tæ:n] = fire
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tan [ˈtɑ̃ːn] = fire

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tep- (to be warm) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	aingel [ˈaŋʲɡʲel] = angel
Irish (Gaeilge)	aingeal [ˈæɲɟəl] = angel; fire, lighted coal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	aingeal [ˈãĩŋʲgʲəl̪ˠ] = angel, messenger, fire, light, sunshine; brightness, light; signal fire, beacon; warmth
Manx (Gaelg)	aile [ail] = fire ainle = angel
Welsh (Cymraeg)	angel [ˈaŋɛl] = angel
Cornish (Kernewek)	eledh = angel
Breton (Brezhoneg)	ael = angel

Etymology: from the Late Latin angelus (angel, messenger), from the Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos – messenger) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Burn

24th January 201924th January 2019 By Simon

Words for to burn in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*lāɸ-sk-ī- = to burn
Old Irish (Goídelc)	loscim = burn
Irish (Gaeilge)	loisc = to burn, fire, scorch, sear, sting – (verb noun = loscadh)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	loisg [l̪ˠɔʃɡ̊ʲ] = to burn, inflame, consume, parch, singe; scorch, scald; fire (a gun) – (verb noun = losagadh)
Manx (Gaelg)	losht = to burn, burn up, burn away, incinerate, cremate, fire, alight – (verb noun = lostey)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llosgi [ˈɬɔskɪ / ˈɬɔski] = to be on fire, blaze, be alight, be burnt or be fired, burn up, burn down, burn away; be inflamed, smart, sting, be sunburnt; be inflamed with anger, passion, etc
Cornish (Kernewek)	leski [lɛski] = to burn
Old Breton	lescsit = to burn
Breton (Brezhoneg)	leskiñ / loskañ = to burn

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European lāp- (to burn, shine) [source].

Sources: Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Wet

19th January 201919th January 2019 By Simon

Words for to wet in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*wlikʷos = to wet
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fliuch [fʲlʲiu̯x] = wet
Irish (Gaeilge)	fliuch [fʲlʲʊx] = wet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fliuch [flux] = wet, watery, rainy, moist, damp, oozy, fluid, liquid
Manx (Gaelg)	fliugh = wet, soggy, inclement, marshy, swampy, humid, dank, watery or waxy (of potatoes)
Proto-Brythonic	*gwlɨb [ˈɡwlɨːb] = wet
Old Welsh	gulip = wet
Middle Welsh (Kyrmaec)	gulip / gwlyp = wet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwlyb [ɡwlɨːb / ɡwliːb] = wet, moist, fluid, liquid; rainy; addicted to drink; drink, liquor, gravy
Cornish (Kernewek)	glyb [glɪ:b] = moist, damp, wet gleb [gle:b] = moist, damp, wet
Old Breton	gulip = wet
Middle Breton	gloeb / glueb = wet
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gleb = wet, humid

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (moist, to wet) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Wash

15th January 201915th January 2019 By Simon

Words for to wash in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*nigyeti = to wash
Old Irish (Goídelc)	nigid = to wash
Irish (Gaeilge)	nigh [nʲɪɟ / n̠ʲiː] = to wash
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	nì [ɲiː] = to wash, cleanse, purify, bathe
Manx (Gaelg)	niee = to wash, launder, bathe, pan, flush

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (to wash) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary

Proto-Celtic	*wolk- = wet, milk
Old Irish (Goídelc)	folcaid = washes
Irish (Gaeilge)	folc(tha) = to bathe, wash, lave; pour down, shed; dip, immerse, submerge
Welsh (Cymraeg)	golchi [ˈɡɔlχɪ/ ˈɡɔlχi] = to wash, rinse; burnish; cleanse, purify; flow over or past; coat; beat, thump
Cornish (Kernewek)	golhi [‘gɔlhi] = to wash, bathe
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwalc’hiñ = to wash

Sources: Wiktionary, teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Sit

14th January 201919th January 2019 By Simon

Words for to sit in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*sedo- = to sit
Irish (Gaeilge)	suigh [sˠɪɟ / sˠiː] = to sit; set, let, rent; seat, place, locate, settle, arrange, fix, establish
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	suidh [suj] = to sit down; incubate, sit on eggs
Manx (Gaelg)	soie = to sit, situate, mount, invest
Proto-Brythonic	*estied = to sit
Old Welsh	estid = to sit
Welsh (Cymraeg)	eistedd [ˈei̯sdɛð / ˈei̯sdɛð] = to sit, be seated, kneel, exercise judicial authority, sit in judgement; be in session, rest, be still; fit well; occupy, be in possession (of land), settle, remain, dwell; incubate, brood
Old Cornish	estid = to sit
Cornish (Kernewek)	esedha [ɛ’zɛða / (ə)’zɛðɐ] = to sit, take a seat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	sichañ = to sit, lie, be located; beseige, lay siege to

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sed- (to sit) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Proto-Celtic

Man / Husband

Troop, host, throng

Person, people, human

To Carry / Flow

To Praise

Fire Angels

To Burn

Wet

To Wash

To Sit