Fatty Lard

Words for fat, lard and related things in Celtic languages.

Lard

Old Irish (Goídelc) blonac = fat, lard
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) blonac, blonoc = fat, lard, grease
Irish (Gaeilge) blonag = soft fat, lard, blubber, paunch, spare tyre
blonag an mhíl mhóir = (whale) blubber
blonagach = fat, greasy, flabby
blonagán = goose-foot
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) blonag [bl̪ˠɔnag] = visceral fat, suet, lard, tallow
blonag-mhuice = lard
Manx (Gaelg) blonnag = lard
blennick = fat, fatty tissue, lard, blubber
blennick vuickey = lard
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) blonec, blonnec = fat, lard, grease
Welsh (Cymraeg) bloneg = fat, lard, grease; belly, abdomen, lap, body fat; sap
magu bloneg = to become fat
meinwe floneg = adipose tissue
blonegaf, blonegu, blonega = to grow fat, to make fat, to grease with far or lard
blonegaidd = fatty, lardaceous, greasy
Old Cornish blonec = fat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) blonec = fat, lard, grease
Cornish (Kernewek) blonek = fat, lard, grease
blonegek = greasy
Old Breton blonecou = lard, fat
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bloneg, blouhec, blounhec, blonec, bloanec = pork belly, fat
blonegenn = fat bread, lard bread
blonegenn-mor = jellyfish
Breton (Brezhoneg) bloneg = addomen, lard, fat
bloneg-mor = jellyfish
blonegenn = fat bread, lard bread

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *gʷeress/*gʷered- = animal fat, tallow
Old Irish (Goídelc) geir = fat, lard, suet, tallow
fogeir = to heat, warm, inflame, chafe, irritate, temper
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) geir = animal fat, tallow, suet, lard
fo-geir = to heat, inflame, chafe, irritate, excite, temper
Irish (Gaeilge) geir [ɟɛɾʲ] = fat, suet, tallow
geir rósta = dripping
geireach = fatty, sebaceous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geir [gʲerʲ] = fat, lard, tallow
geir-mhuc = lard
geireach = fatty, greasy, full of suet
geireadh = anointing, smearing with grease
Manx (Gaelg) geirr = dripping, fat, suet, tallow
geirr vill = beeswax
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guer, gwer = animal fat, tallow, suet, grease
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwêr = animal fat, tallow, suet, grease
gwêr (yr) aren = suet
gweraidd = tallowy, tallowish
gwerennaf, gwerennu = to congeal or coagulate into suet fat
gwerennog = fat, suety, lardy, greasy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (heat) or *ǵʰwer- (wild animal) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include furnace, gore, thermal and warm in English [source], gor (to hatch, incubate, warm, heat, burn) in Irish [source]., and words for warmth and heat in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sall, saill = bacon, salt-meat
sallid = to salt, cure
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) saill = salted meat (esp. bacon)
Irish (Gaeilge) saill = salted meat, fat meat, fat; to salt, cure, season
sailleach = fatty, adipose
sailleadh = salting, curing
sailleacht = saltiness (of meat, etc.)
saillteoir = salter, curer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) saill [sail̪ʲ/sal̪ʲə] = to pickle, season; blubber, fat, suet
saill-shùighte = saturated fat
saill neo-shùighte = unsaturated fat
saill nan dubhagan = suet
saill bèicearachd = shortening
saill muice-mara = blubber
sailleadair = salter, fish-curer
sailleadh = (act of) salting
saillte = salted, salty
saillear = (salt-)cellar
Manx (Gaelg) sahll = adioise tissue, blubber, fat, grease
sahllagh = adipose, blubbery, fatty

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Celtic *salanos (salt) , from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (salt) [source]. Words for salt in Celtic and many other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Sweet and Gentle

Words for dear, gentle, sweet and related things in Celtic languages.

Brodie Bichon Frise 9 weeks old

Proto-Celtic *koimos = dear, nice
Gaulish Coemo = name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cáem [koːi̯ṽ] = beloved, dear, fair, lovely, friend, noble
caíme = beauty, loveliness, charity, kindliness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cáem, cáomh = dear, precious, beloved, belonging to the family; fair, beautiful, lovely
cáemach = a noble
cáemaid = treats kindly, is gracious towards, cherishes
cáemaigid = to make smooth
cáemdae = fair, beautiful
cáemthach = friend, companion; company, companionship
Irish (Gaeilge) caomh [keːvˠ/kiːvˠ/kiːw] = dear one, companion, gentle, noble, person, dear, mild, pleasant, lovely, smooth
caomhantas = conservation, preservation
caoimhe = gentleness, mildness, sweetness, loveliness, smoothness
caomhach = attendant, protective
caomhnaí = companion
caoimhnaigh to cherish, preserve, conserve, protect
caomhnóir = guardian, protector, patron
caomhnú = preservation, conservation, protection
macaomh = young person, youth, boy, lad, cub (scout)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caomh [kɯːv] = kind, gentle, tender, beloved; kindness, gentleness, friend, beloved, object
caomhnadh [kɯ̃ːvnəɣ] = saving, conservation, economising, reserving, booking, reservation, sparing
caomhnachas [kɯ͂vnəxəs] = economy, frugality
caomhail [kɯːval] = friendly, gentle, kind
caomhan [kɯːvan] = kind/mild-mannered person, nobleman
caomhag [kɯːvag] = affectionate/gentle woman, lass(ie)
caomhalachd [kɯːvəl̪ˠəxg] = kindness
caomhradh [kɯ̃ːvra] = euphemism
caomh-chompanach = bosom friend/pal
Proto-Brythonic *kʉβ̃ = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ku, cu, cû = dear, beloved
kideb, kudeb = fondness, affection, dearness
Welsh (Cymraeg) cu [kɨː/kiː] = dear, beloved, amiable, pleasant, precious, beautiful; dear one, precious thing
cuaidd = loving, affectionate, precious
cudeb, cudab = fondness, affection, dearness
cudeg = fair and amiable
cuder = fondness, affection
mamgu = grandmother
tadcu = grandfather
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cuf, cûf = dear, amiable, beloved, loving
cuef = dear, kindly
Cornish (Kernewek) kuv = affectionate, amiable, amicable, dear, kind, kindly, pleasant; beloved, darling
kuv kolon = sweetheart
kuvder = kindness
Old Breton cum = bright, brilliant, light, candle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cuff, cûn, cuñ, kunv = affable, soft, sweet, gentle, mild
cuffhat, cuñhaat, kuñvaat = to become affable
cuffhadur, cuñhadur, kuñvadur = affability, moral sweetness
cuffheat, kuneet, kuñvaet = softened, soothed
Breton (Brezhoneg) kuñv [ˈkỹː] = benign, mild
kuñvded = mildness
tad-kuñv = great grandfather
mab-kuñv = great grandson
moereb-kuñv = great aunt

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology uncertain [source].

The name Kevin comes from the Irish name Caoimhín [ˈkiːvʲiːnʲ] from the Middle Irish Caoimhghin [ˈkəiṽʲʝiːnʲ] from the Old Irish Cóemgein [ˈkoiṽʲɣʲinʲ], (also written Cáemgein/Cǽimgen), from cáem (beloved, dear) and gein (birth). Variants include Kevan, from the Irish diminutive version Caoimheán, and Caoimhe (anglicised as Keeva or Kweeva), a feminie version [source].

Versions of Kevin in other Celtic languages include Caomhan in Scottish Gaelic, Keveen in Manx, and Cefin in Welsh.

Proto-Celtic *kanis/*kani- = good, nice
Old Irish (Goídelc) caín [ˈkaːi̯nʲ] = fine, good, fair, beautiful, lovely
caíngním [ˈkaːi̯nʲɣʲnʲiːṽ] = good deed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) caín = fine, good, fair, beautiful, soft, smooth, clement
Irish (Gaeilge) caoin [kiːnʲ] = smooth, delicate, gentle, refined
caoinbhéas = gentle, decent, habit
caoinbhéasach = gentle-mannered, decent
caoindéanta = fine, delicate (feature/figure)
caoine = smoothness, gentleness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caoin [kɯːn̪ʲ] = kind, mild, pleasant gentle, tender, delightful; dry, seasoned (hay)
caoin-bheusach = refined
feur-caoin = hay
Manx (Gaelg) keain = sweet-tempered, tender (memory)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cein, kein = fine, fair, beautiful; the first and best liquor brought to the hall
Welsh (Cymraeg) cain [kai̯n] = fine, fair, beautiful, bright, excellent, refined
cain wybodau, celfau cain = belles lettres, fine arts
Middle Breton (Brezonec) qan, qen, quen = beautiful, brilliant
Breton (Brezhoneg) ken = beautiful, brilliant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Proto-Indo-European language [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Bright Lights

Words for bright, light and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmon sunset.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlenstus, *flenstu- = light
Old Irish (Goídelc) solus [ˈsolus] = bright, clear, light
lés [l͈ʲeːs] = light, radiance, daylight, illumination (of the mind)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) solus = (adj) bright, clear, light-giving, happy, prosperous; (noun) light, clarity, intelligibility
solusta = bright, shining
solustacht = brightness, radiance
lés = light, radiance, daylight, flush, blush
Irish (Gaeilge) solas [ˈsˠɔl̪ˠəsˠ] = light, brightness, illumination, lamp, flame, enlightenment, insight, revelation, disclosure, vision, self-interest, limelight
solasbhliain = light-year
solasmhaire = brightness, luminousness, clarity, lucidity
solasmhar = bright, luminous, clear, lucid
léas = ray of light, light, radiane; weal, welt, red spot, blister
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) solas [sɔl̪ˠəs] = light, phases (of the moon, etc)
solasach = luminous, shining
solasta = luminous, shining
solasachadh [sɔl̪ˠəsɪç] = lighting, illuminating
leòs = light, ray, torch, blister, blush
Manx (Gaelg) sollys = bright, brilliant, clear, resplendent, shining, shiny, transparent, brightness, lamp, light
sollysagh = luminous
soilsheanagh = beaming, brilliant, glistening, glowing, luminous, lustrous, radiant, shiny, splendid, vivid
Proto-Brythonic *gwoluɣʉ = light
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) golau = light, illumination, brightness, clearness, enlightment
Welsh (Cymraeg) golau [ˈɡɔlaɨ̯/ˈɡoːlai̯] = light, illumination, brightness, clearness, enlightment
golau dydd = daylight
golau lleuad= moonlight
golau tân = fire light
goleuad = light, illumination, enlightenment
goleuaf, goleuo, golau = to light(en), illuminate, set light to, kindle, set fire to, enlighten, explain
goleudy = lighthouse
goleuddal = candlestick, sconce, chandelier
Old Cornish golou = light
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) golow = light
golowa, gylywa, gouloua, gylywi = to enlighten, give light, illuminate, shine
golowas = an enlightening, illumination, lightning
golowder = light, brightness
golowlester = a light-vessel, lamp
Cornish (Kernewek) golow = glow, light, luminous
Golowan = Misummer
golowboyntya = to hightlight
golowbren = lamp-post
golowhe = to glow, illuminate, light up, lighten
golowi = to enlighten, glow, illuminate, light up, lighten, shine
golowji = lighthouse
golowyans = enlightenment, lighting
golowyn (X) (X-)ray
golowys = lit
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gouloù, goulou = bright, brilliant, light, candle
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouloù = light, current, fire

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology (Goidelic languages): from Old Irish so- (very) and lés (light, radiance, daylight, illumination). so- come s from Proto-Celtic *su- (good, well), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (good). lés comes from the Proto-Celtic ɸlenstus (light), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (bright, to shine, to see) [source].

Etymology: (Brythonic languages): from the Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (bright, to shine, to see) [source].

From the same PIE root we get the Irish word luchair (glittering, resplendent), llug (light, radiance, brightness) and llygad (eye) in Welsh, lagas (eye) in Cornish and lagad (eye) in Breton [source],

English words from the PIE root *lewk- include light, lucid, luminous, Lucifer, luna and lynx [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Mighty Abilities

Words for might, ability and related things in Celtic languages.

Beltane

Proto-Celtic *galā = might, ablity
*galnati = to be able, can
Old Irish (Goídelc) gal [ɡal] = battle-ardor, stean, valour. Appears in male names, such as Congal, Donngal and Fergal.
dígal [ˈdʲiːɣal] = punishment;, revenge, vengeance
fingal = kinslaying, parricide, fratricide
fogal = attack, damage, pillaging, plundering, trepass
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gal = warlike ardor, fury, valour, heat, fury; steam, vapour, mist
armgal = warlike bravery
bonngal = (act of) trampling
congal = conflict, fight, attack
dígal = avenging, punishing, vengeance, punishment
fogal = to attack, damage, injure
Irish (Gaeilge) gal [ɡal̪ˠ] = (warlike) ardour, valour, fury; vapour, steam, boiling; puff, whiff; fit, bout, turn; demand
galach = valiant man, warrior; boaster, blusterer; ardent, valiant; vaporous, steaming, boiling hot
galacht = ardency, valour
galaigh = to vapourize, steam, evaporate, volatilize
galán = puff, whiff; crane-fly, daddy-longlegs
díoghail = revenge, vengeance, punishment
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gal [ɡal̪ˠ] = burst of light/heat, ardour, valour, fury, vapour, steam
galach = ardent, valiant, brace, strong, furious, steaming, vaporous
galan = burst, blast, baying
dìoghail [dʲiə.al] = revenge, vengeance
Manx (Gaelg) gaal, gall = vapour
jeeyll, jeeill [ˈdʲiːɣal] = damage, harmfulness, havoc, injury, prejudice, vandalism
Proto-Brythonic *gal = enemy, adversary
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gal = enemy, adversary
Welsh (Cymraeg) gâl = enemy, adversary; enmity, hatred; passion; valour, boldness
galanas = blood-feud, enmity, hatred, slaughter, massacre
gallaf, gallu = to be able to, to have power (to)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gal = rust, evil, wickedness, a wicked fellow
gallogec = powerful, mighty
gallos, galloys, gallus = power, might, authority
gallosec = powerful, mighty, able
galluidoc = able, potent
gally = to be able, may, can
Cornish (Kernewek) gal = outcat, villain
gallojek, gallosek = capable, capable, mighty, potent, powerful
gallos = to be able to, can, ability, might, power, know-how, capability
gallosedh = power
Old Breton gal = violent, intense, urgent
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gal = violent, intense, urgent
galloud, galloet, gallout = can, to be able, power, authority
galloudeg = powerful
galloudegader = power of attorney
galloudegezh = power, might, potency, strength
Breton (Brezhoneg) gallout = can, to be able
galloud = power

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (naked, head) [source]. Words in Celtic languages for revenge and related things come from the same roots.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Revenge

In this post we’re looking into words for revenge and related things in Celtic languages.

Revenge illustration

Proto-Celtic *dīgalā = revenge, vengeance
Old Irish (Goídelc) dígal [ˈdʲiːɣal] = revenge, vengeance, punishment
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dígal = avenging, punishing; vengeance, punishment
Irish (Gaeilge) díoghail = vengeance, retribution, punishment; to avenge, punish
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìoghail [dʲiə.al] = revenge, vengeance
dìoghailte = revenged, avenged, retaliated
Manx (Gaelg) jeeyll, jeeill = damage, harmfulness, havoc, injury, prejudice, vandalism
Proto-Brythonic *diɣal = (?)
Old Welsh digal = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dial = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
dialaeth = vengeance, revenge, punishment
Welsh (Cymraeg) dial [ˈdɪ.al/ˈdiː.al] = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
dialaeth = vengeance, revenge, punishment
dialaethaf, dialaethu = to wreak vengeance upon, punish
dialaf, diala, dialu = to avenge, revenge, retaliate
dialaidd = revengeful, retributive
dialbren = gallows, gibbet, rack
dialedd = vengeance, retribution, nemesis, pain, disease, plague
dialeddwr = avenger, punisher
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dyal, dial = revenge
Cornish (Kernewek) dial = retribution, revenge
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dial = vengeance, revenge
Breton (Brezhoneg) dial = vengeance, revenge, to take revenge

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from *dī- (from, of) and‎ *galā (might, ability), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (naked, head) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include callow in English, kaal (smooth, bland, plain, bald) in Dutch, and kahl (bald, hairless, barren) in German [source].

Other words from the Proto-Celtic root *galā include gal (ardour, valour, fury) in Irish, gal (ardour, valour, fury, vapour, steam) in Scottish Gaelic, gaal/gall (vapour) in Manx, gâl (enemy, adversary) in Welsh, gal (outcast, villain) in Cornish, and gal (violent, intense, urgent) in Middle Breton [source].

The Proto-Celtic word *galnati (to be able) comes from the same root. Descendents include gallu (to be able to, to have power (to)) in Welsh, gallos (to be able to, can, ability, might, power) in Cornish, and gallout (to be able to) in Breton [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Baskets

Words for baskets and related things in Celtic languages.

Baskets

Proto-Celtic *kleibo = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) clíab = basket, breast, chest, ribcage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíab = basket, skep, bee-hive, coracle, currach, breast, bosom
cliabach = slender-bodied
cliabaire = infant
cliabán = cradle, bird-trip, bird-cage
Irish (Gaeilge) cliabh [klʲiəvˠ/klʲiəw] = ribbed frame; body, chest, bosom; creel, pannier basket
cliabhadóir = creel-maker
cliabhadóireacht = creel-making
cliabhaire = basket-carrier, travelling poultry-dealer
cliabhán = cradle, wicker cage
cliabhrach = bodily frame, chest, thorax; (person of) large frame
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliabh [kliəv] = basket, creel, pannier, ribcage, straightjacket
cliabhadh [kliəvəɣ] = (act of) putting into a creel
cliabhan = small creel, small hamper, wreckage, broken timbers
cliabhadair, cliabhair [kliəvədɪrʲ] = basket-maker
Manx (Gaelg) clean = pannier, potato creel, twig basket; cot, cradle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kauell, cawell = basket, pannier, cradle
cawelleit = basketful, hamperful, quiverful
Welsh (Cymraeg) cawell = basket, pannier; cradle; fish-trap, creel, cage; quiver; belly, breast
cawellaf, cawellu = to put into a hamper or basket; cradle
cawellaid = basketful, hamperful, quiverful
cawellig = little basket
cawellwr = basket-maker, maker of wicker fish-traps
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cawal, cauwal, cowal = hamper, basket, pannier
cawel gwanan beehive
Cornish (Kernewek) kowel = hamper, basket, cage
kowel gwenen beehive
kowel-gwari = playpen
kowella = to cage
Old Breton cauell, cauèl, queuel, qavell = cradle, trap, locker
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kavell, kavel, kevell, cauell = cradle, trap, locker
kavell-bez = tomb
kavellad = contents of a trap
kavellañ = to put in a basket
Breton (Brezhoneg) kavell = cradle, trap, locker
kavell-bez = tomb

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (to lean) [source]. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things.

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, and clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ces = basket
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ces = basket, hamper, pannier, bee-hive, skep, causeway of hurdles
Irish (Gaeilge) cis [cɪʃ] = wicker container, basket, crate, plaited or crossed twigs as support for causeway
ciseach = wattled causeway, improved path, footbridge, over soft ground or drain, hamper
ciseachán = breadbasket, stomach
ciseán = (wicker) basket
ciseadóir = wicker-worker, basket-maker
ciseadóireacht = wicker-work, basketry
ciseog = shallow basket (for potatoes, etc)
cispheil = basketball
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cis [kʲiʃ] = (large) woven/wicker basket, wickerwork panel, hurdle
ciseach [kʲiʃəx] = wickerwork path/bridge
ciseag, cisean, ciosan = small woven basket or creel, kishie
cisean [kliəvədɪrʲ] = basket-maker
Manx (Gaelg) kishan = skep
kishan pabyr = waste paper basket
kishan shellan = hive

Etymology: from Old Norse kista (chest, box), from Latin cista (trunk, chest, casket), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē – box, chest, casket), from Proto-Indo-European *kisteh₂ (woven container) [source].

Words from the same roots include chest in English, kist (chest, box, trunk, coffer) in Scots, Kiste (box, crate, case, chest) in German, ciste (chest, coffer, treasure, fund) in French, cesta (basket, hamper) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) bascaed = basket
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) basgaid [basgɪdʲ] = basket
basgaid-arain = breadbasket
basgaid-bidhe = hamper
basgaid-sgudail = wastebasket
ball-basgaid = basketball
Manx (Gaelg) basca(i)d, baskad, bastag = pannier, potato creel, twig basket; cot, cradle
bastag arran = breadbasket
bastageyr = basket maker
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) basged, bascet, basced = basket, basketful
basgedeit = basketful, hamperful
Welsh (Cymraeg) basgeg = basket, basketful
basgedaf, basgedu = to place in a basket, to make baskets
basged(i)aid = basketful, hamperful
basgedwaith = basketry, basketwork, wickerwork
basgedwr, basgedydd = basket-maker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) basced = basket
Cornish (Kernewek) basket = basket

Etymology: from Middle English basket, from Anglo-Norman bascat (basket), possibly from Late Latin bascauda (a woven mat or vessel to hold basketwork), from Proto-Celtic *baskis (bundle, load), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (bundle), or non-Indo-European source.

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include bâche (tarpaulin, canvas sheet, cover) in French, vascullo (broom, bundle of straw) in Galician, basket in English, فَشْقَار (fašqār – a heap of sheaves) in Arabic [source].

Other words from the PIE root *bʰask- include fascis (bundle, burden, load, high office) in Latin, and possibly bast (fibre made from certain plants used for matting and cord) in English, bast (bast, raffia) in Danish, bast (inner bark, velvet, skin, hide) in Dutch, and bashkë (together, simultaneously) in Albanian [source].

There are more details on the Burdensome Loads Celtiadur post, and the Celtic Pathways Baskets episode.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Early and Soon

Words for early, soon and related things in Celtic languages.

Early Morning

Proto-Celtic *moxs = soon, early
Old Irish (Goídelc) moch [mox] = early
mochrád, mochtráth = morning (“early hour”)
mos [mos] = soon
[moː] = soon
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) moch = early, betimes, prompt, speedy, premature
mos = soon, quickly
= soon
Irish (Gaeilge) moch [mˠʊx/mˠɔx/mˠʌx] = early
mochánach = early riser
mochdháil = early morning
mochdhúnadh = early closing
mochóirí = early rising, early riser
mocháthráth = early hour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) moch [mɔx] = early
mocheirigh [mɔxərʲɪ] = early rising
mochthrath [mɔxra] = morning, dawn, very early
Manx (Gaelg) mogh = early
moch-irree = early rising
moch-appee = forward, precocious
moghrey = morning
Proto-Brythonic *mox = soon, early
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moch = soon, early
moch dwyreawc = early-rising
Welsh (Cymraeg) moch = soon, early
mochddwyreog = early-rising
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) meuch = quickly, soon

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *moḱs (quickly, early). The Goidelic words were borrowed from Proto-Brythonic. Words from the same root include mox (soon, afterwards, then) in Latin and मक्षू (makṣū́ – soon, rapidly, quickly, speedily) in Sanskrit [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸlowto- = to go, flow, be swift
Old Irish (Goídelc) luath [l͈uːa̯θ] = swift, fast
lúas [l͈uːa̯s] = swiftness, speecd
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lúath = quick, swift, swiftness, speed
lúath(ug)ad = act of hastening, accelerating, expediting
Irish (Gaeilge) luath [mˠʊx/mˠɔx/mˠʌx] = quick, fast, speed, early, soon, fickle
luaithe = quickness, swiftness, earliness
luas = speed, velocity, earliness
luathaigh = to quicken, hasten, accelerate
luathaitheach = accelerating, accelerative
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) luath [l̪ˠuə] = quick, fast, fleet, swift, express, feisty
luathachadh = accelerating, speeding up, hastening, hurrying
luathaichear = accelerator
luath-aireach = precocious, early, immature, quick-witted
luath-bheul = a person who is quick to criticize
luath-chasach = fleet-footed
luath no mall = sooner or later, fast or slow
luath-sgeul = brief/short news, newsflash
bàta-luath = speedboat
Manx (Gaelg) leah = early, prompt, swift, soon, betimes
leahid = earliness
laueys = alacrity, elbow grease, skilfulness
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleygys, lleiges = soon, immediately, directly, forthwith, anon, presently, by and by, in a little while
Welsh (Cymraeg) lleighys, llegys = soon, immediately, directly, forthwith, anon, presently, by and by, in a little while

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *plew- (to fly, flow, run). The Welsh words might not come from the same roots. Words from the same PIE root include fleet, float, flood, and Pluto in English [source].

Note: in Breton early is abred, and soon is bremaik. I don’t know the origins of these words.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Grave Ditches

Words for graves, ditches and related things in Celtic languages:

Llanfihangel Esglai, Swydd Henffordd ☩☩☩ Michaelchurch Escley, Herefordshire

Proto-Celtic *bodyom = grave, ditch
Celtiberian arkato-bezom = silver mine (?)
Proto-Brythonic *beð = grave
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bed, bet = grave, tomb
medraud, uedraut, bedraud = burial-place, grave, sepluchre, cemetery
Welsh (Cymraeg) bedd [beːð] = grave, tomb, gravestone, tombstone, interred
beddaf, beddu, beddo = to bury
bedd-dorrwr = gravedigger
beddfa = grave, tomb, mausoleum
beddfaen = gravestone, tombstone
beddrod = tomb, vault, grave, cemetery
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bedh = grave
bedhy = to bury
Cornish (Kernewek) bedh = grave, tomb
bedhros = graveyard
bedhskrif = epitaph
Middle Breton bez = tomb, tombstone
Breton (Brezhoneg) bez = grave, tomb, sepulchre

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (to dig, burrow). Words from the same PIE root include fossa (ditch, trench, moat, fosse, grave) in Latin, and possibly bed in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úag = grave
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úag, úaig = grave
Irish (Gaeilge) uaigh [uəɟ/uə] = grave
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uaigh [uəj] = grave, tomb, sepluchre
uaigh staoin = shallow grave
uaigh-thrannsa = passage grave
uaigheach = sepulchral, abounding in graves
uaigheachd = (act of) burying, burial
Manx (Gaelg) oaie, oaye = grave, pit, sepulchre

Etymology: unknown [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) reillic = grave
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) reilic = burial place, relics (of saints)
reilcech = containg cemeteries
Irish (Gaeilge) reilig [ˈɾˠɛlʲɪɟ/ˈɾˠɛlʲɪc/ˈɾˠɨ̞lʲɪɟ] = graveyard, burial ground; relics
reiligire = sexton, grave-digger
reiligireacht = caring for churchyard, grave-digging
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) réilig, réileag [r̪ˠeːlɪgʲ] = burial place, ossuary, stone chest
réilig-cloiche = ossuary, stone chest
réiligeach = like a churchyard, having a churchyard
Manx (Gaelg) ruillick, rhullick = burial ground, cemetery, graveyard, necropolis, churchyard
ruillick fo-halloo = catacombs
ruillick ny moght = paupers’ grave

Etymology: from the Latin rēliquiae (remains, relics, remnants, survivors), from relinquō (I abandon, relinquish, forsake, leave), from the Proto-Italic *wrelinkʷō, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ (to leave) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include loan in English, лишать [lʲɪˈʂatʲ] (to deprive, rob, bereave) in Russian, and possibly dìleab (bequest, inheritance, legacy) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Burdensome Loads

Words for loads, burdens and related things in Celtic languages.

Worker carrying rice seedlings to her field

Proto-Celtic *baskis = bundle, load
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) basc = circular necklet or neckband
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) basc = round, red, scarlet (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beich = burden, load
Welsh (Cymraeg) baich [bai̯χ] = burden, heavy load, labour, duty, sin, sorrow, woe, responsibility, a load, a dry measure
baich gwaith = workload
beichiaf, beichio = to burden, load, weigh (down), overwhelm, encumber
beichiedig = burdened, laden
beichiog = pregnant, expectant, burdened, laden, fertile, prolific, teeming
beichiogaeth = pregnancy
beichiogaf, beichiogi = to become pregnant, impregnate, conceive
beichiogi = pregnancy, conception, feture, childbirth, delivery (of child)
Cornish (Kernewek) begh = burden, load
begh-ober = workload
beghus = burdensome, onerous
beghya = to burden, impose upon, overload
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bec’h = burden
bec’hiet = loaded, charged, full
bec’h(i)us = heavy, overwhelming, oppressive
bec’h-bec’h = with great difficulty
bec’hiadurezh = oppression
Breton (Brezhoneg) bec’h = difficulty, effort
bec’hiad = load, charge, responsibility, burden
bec’hadenn = physical effort
bec’hded = saturation

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (bundle, band), or from a non-Indo-European source. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include bascauda (woven mat or vessel to hold basketwork) in Late Latin, bâche (tarpaulin, canvas sheet, cover) in French, vascullo (broom, bundle of straw) in Galician, basket in English, فَشْقَار (fašqār – a heap of sheaves) in Arabic (via Aragonese or Galician) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include fascis (bundle, burden, load, high office) in Latin, and possibly bast (fibre made from certain plants used for matting and cord) in English, bast (bast, raffia) in Danish, bast (inner bark, velvet, skin, hide) in Dutch, and bashkë (together, simultaneously) in Albanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) aire = load, burden
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aire, oire, ere = load, burden
Irish (Gaeilge) eire = load, burden
eireadóir = encumbrancer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eire [erʲə] = burden, load
eireach [erʲəx] = burdensome, heavy
Manx (Gaelg) errey = burden, impost, imposition, load
thie errey = infirmary
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) areu = burden, sorrow, grief
Welsh (Cymraeg) arau = burden, sorrow, grief

Etymology: unknown [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úalach = burden, load, duty
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úalach = burden, charge, load, duty, obligation
Irish (Gaeilge) ualach = load, burden
ualaigh = to load, burden, encumber
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uallach = round, red, scarlet (archaic)

Etymology: possibly from uala (shoulder), a version of guala (shoulder), from Middle Irish gúala (shoulder), from Old Irish gúalu (shoulder), from Proto-Indo-European *gew (to bend, curve) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include giro and gyre (a swirling vortex) in English, giro (turn, twist, rotation) in Italian, and giro (turn, spin, tour) in Spanish [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Fees and Charges

Words for fee, charge and related things in Celtic languages.

the tally

Proto-Celtic talī = pay
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) táille = reckoning, account, amount
Irish (Gaeilge) táille [ˈt̪ˠɑːl̠ʲə / ˈt̪ˠæːl̠ʲə] = tally, score, charge, reckoning, number, fee, premium, rate, tariff, fare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tàille [taːl̪ˠə] = fee, charge, wages, tax, tribute
tàilleabh = consequence, result, premium
tàilleabhan [taːl̪ʲəvan] = derivative
tàilleabhach = apprentice
tàilleabhachd = apprenticeship
Manx (Gaelg) tailley = duty, fare, fee, impost, notch, premium, score, tally (stick), tariff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tal, tâl = payment, wage, fee
Welsh (Cymraeg) tâl [taːl] = payment, wage, fee, reward, tax, tribute, value, compensation, recompense, reparation, atonement, retribution, punishment
tal(i)adwy = valuable, precious, flawless, perfect
talaf, talu = to pay (for)
tal(i)awdr = payer, rewarder, debtor, creditor
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) talves = worth, of value
taly = to pay, requite, recompense
Cornish (Kernewek) talas = payment
talvedhys = worth
talvesa = to be worth
talvos = to be priced, rate
talvosek = valuable
talvosogeth = usefulness, value, worth
Old Breton tal = to worthy, cost
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tailh = waist, cutting, pruning, tax
tailhadiñ = to cut, slash
tailhadur = cut
tailhañ, tailhiñ = to cut, prune, trim
Breton (Brezhoneg) tailh = waist, cutting, pruning
tailhañ = to ration, cut down

Etymology: from the Old French taille (cit, wound, incision, count, tally, charge, levy, tax), from the Latin tālea (rod, stick, stake, bar, cutting, scion, twig), from the Proto-Indo-European *teh₂l- (to grow, young animal) [source]. The Goidelic languages borrowed these words from Old French, while the Brythonic words came via Proto-Celtic and PIE.

Words from the same roots include tally in English, taille (cutting, pruning, trimming, size, waist) in French, talea (cutting, scion) in Italian, tajar (to cut, slice, chop) in Spanish [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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