Death

8th July 20199th July 2019 By Simon

Words for death in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*bāstom / bāssom = death
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bás [baːs] = death
Irish (Gaeilge)	bás [bˠɑːsˠ / bˠæːsˠ] = death
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bàs [baːs] = death, decease, demise
Manx (Gaelg)	baase [bɛːs] = death

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (to go) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Teaglann.ie

Proto-Celtic	*marwos = dead
Old Irish (Goídelc)	marb = dead; mortified, insensible, spiritually dead; inanimate; stagnant (water)
Irish (Gaeilge)	marbh [ˈmˠɑɾˠəvˠ / ˈmˠarˠuː / ˈmˠarˠu] = dead person, death, defunct
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	marbh [marav] = dead person, the dead
Manx (Gaelg)	marroo = dead, lifeless, inanimate, glassy (look), muggy, dull, dud, stagnant, defunct, mortified, slaughtered, departed, deceased, killed, extinct merriu = dead men, departed souls
Proto-Brythonic	*marw = dead
Welsh (Cymraeg)	marw = dead, deceased, inanimate marwolaeth = death, decease, demise; suffering, tribulation; deadly plague or pestilence, fatal disease
Cornish (Kernewek)	mernans = death
Breton (Brezhoneg)	marv = death

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (to die, disappear) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Proto-Celtic	*ankus = death
Old Irish (Goídelc)	éc = death
Irish (Gaeilge)	éag = Death, numbness, powerlessness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	eug [eːg] = death, Death, ghost, spectre
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	angheu = death
Welsh (Cymraeg)	angau = death, decease, demise, annihilation, cessation, mortal danger
Old Cornish	ancou = death
Cornish (Kernewek)	ankow = death
Old/Middle Breton	ancou = death
Breton (Brezhoneg)	ankow = death

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *nek̂- (to perish, disappear) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Teaglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Age

7th July 201928th October 2022 By Simon

Words for age and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*aiwestom = age, lifetime, era
Old Irish (Goídelc)	áes [aːi̯s] = age, years, stage, period, era, lifetime áesmar [ˈaːi̯sṽər] = aged, long-lived
Irish (Gaeilge)	aois [iːʃ/ɯːʃ] = age, length of life, old age, period, era, century aosaigh = age, come of age aosánach = youth, youngster aosántacht = youthfulness aosta = aged, old aostach = old person aostacht = oldness, old age
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	aois [ɯːʃ] = age, old age, span of years aosta [ɯːsdə] = elderly, old, aged aosmhorach = aged, ancient aosmhorachd = antiquity, agedness aosmhor = elderly, aged, old, ancient co-aois = (age) peer, contemporary
Manx (Gaelg)	eash = eon, age, century, oldness, old age, seniority eashagh = oldish eashit = aged, grown-up, oldish çheer-oayllee = geographer çheer-oaylleeaght = geography çheer vooar = mainland çheer yalloo = landscape Çheer ny Aeg = (mythical) Land of Youth
Proto-Brythonic	*oɨs = age
Old Welsh	ois = age oit = time, period
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	oes = age oet = time, period
Welsh (Cymraeg)	oes [oːɨ̯s/ɔi̯s] = age, long indefinite period, century, age, time, day(s), life, lifespan, lifetime oesaf, oesi = to live, lead a life, spend a life, exist, survive oesfyr = having a short life, short-lived, ephemeral oed = time, period, space (of time), duration of life, life-span, age oed(i)af, oedi(o) = to delay, procrastinate, linger, loiter, dally, dawdle, idle oed(i)og = old, aged, ancient, long-lived, long-lasting, suspended, delayed, slow, leisurely, dilatory, adult oedolyn = adult
Old Cornish	huis = age, process of time, a period of time
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	oys, oydge, uz, oge, ooz = age, process of time, a period of time
Cornish (Kernewek)	oos / ooj = age, epoch, era, period oos an rew, oos an yey = ice age
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	oed =
Breton (Brezhoneg)	oad = age oadour = (an) adult oadourel = adult

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyw-es-to-, from *h₂eyu- (age, eternity), from *h₂ey- (vital force, life, age, eternity) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include age, eon, eternal, ever, juvenile, medieval and young in English; and eeuw (century, many years, a very long time, eternity) in Dutch [source].

Languages and Tongues

5th July 20194th July 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for language and tongue and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*tangʷāss, tangʷāt = tongue
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tengae [ˈtʲeŋɡe] = tongue, language
Irish (Gaeilge)	teanga [ˈtʲaŋə / ˈtʲaŋɡə] = tongue, language teangach = tongued, lingual, wordy, loquacious teangachruthach = tongue-shaped, linguiform teangaigh = to tongue (in music) teangaire = interpreter teangeolaí = linguist, expert in linguistics teangeolaíocht = linguistics
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	teanga [tʲɛŋgə] = tongue, speech, spit (of land) teangan = tongue teangaidh = tongue, speech teangach = abounding in tongues, loquacious, langued (in hearldry) teangair = linguist, interpreter, orator, philologist
Manx (Gaelg)	çhengey [ˈtʃɛnʲə] = bell-clapper, clasp, feather, strap-hinge; catch (of buckle); tongue; language, speech; utterance çhengeyr çhyndaader = interpreter çhengeyder = linguist çhengoaylleeaght = linguistics çhengey ny mayrey = mother tongue daa-hengagh = bilingual yl-çhengagh = polyglot
Proto-Brytonic	tau̯āt, tavọd = tongue
Old Welsh	tauawt = tongue, language
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tauaut = tongue, language
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tafod [ˈtavɔd / ˈtaːvɔd] = tongue, faculty of speech, power of expression; language, speech, dialect, accent tafod aur = pleasant or witty talk, eloquence (“gold tongue”) tafod bach = uvula tafod cloch = clapper (of bell) tafodiaeth = language, vernacular or native language, dialect, pronunciation, articulation, verbal expression tafodi = to scold, rebuke, chide, berate, cheek, abuse (verbally), tongue (in music) tafodiad = a scolding or berating, pronunciation tafodwr = speaker, talker
Old Cornish	tauot = language, tongue
Middle Cornish	tawes = language, tongue
Cornish (Kernewek)	taves = language, tongue tavosa = to scold, tell off tavosek = talkative, verbose tavoseth = idiom, jargon
Old Breton	tavod = tongue
Middle Breton	teaut, teut = tongue
Breton (Brezhoneg)	teod [ˈtɛwt] = tongue teodel = oral teodek = talkative, gossipy teodyezh = speech, dialect, way of speaking teodyezhañ = to speak teodyezher = speaker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (tongue) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include: tongue and language in English, lingua (tongue, language) in Italian, язик [jɐˈzɪk] (tongue) in Ukrainian, and jazyk (tongue, language) in Czech and Slovak [source].

Proto-Celtic	*yaxtī = language
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	icht = race, people, tribe; province, district
Proto-Brythonic	jeiθ, i̯ekti = tongue
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ieith, yeith = language, nation, race
Welsh (Cymraeg)	iaith [jai̯θ] = language, tongue; people, nation, race, tribe ieithiadur = grammar ieithio = to pronounce, proclaim, express ieithog = having language or several languages, multilingual, polyglot ieithydd = one who has thorough knowledge or command of a language or languages, linguist, grammarian, philologist, interpreter, speark, poet ieithyddiaeth = linguistics, philology, grammar ieithgi = one who is interested in the study of language (rather than of literature), philologist
Cornish (Kernewek)	yeth [eːθ / jeːθ] = tongue, language yeth le-usys = minority language yethador = grammar yethel = linguistic yethonieth = linguistics yethor, yethores = linguist
Middle Breton	yez = language
Breton (Brezhoneg)	yezh [ˈjeːs] = language yezhadur = grammar yezhadurel = grammatical yezhel = linguistic yezher = speaker unyezher = unilingual divyezher = bilingual liesyezher = polyglot

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yek- (to utter). It is uncertain if the Middle Irish word icht is cognate with the Brythonic words [source].

Words from the same PIE root include: joke and Yule in English, jul (Yule, Christmas) in Danish and Norwegian, juego (play, game, sport) in Spanish, and joc (game, play, dance) in Romanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	bélrae [ˈbʲeːl͈re] = language, speech bélrae Féne = legal language bélrae na filed = acrane vocabulary, poetic language
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bérla(e) = speech, language
Irish (Gaeilge)	béarla = speech (archaic) béarlachas = Anglicism béarlagair = jargon béarlamhail = having command of language, fluent (archaic) Béarla [ˈbʲeːɾˠl̪ˠə] = English (language) Béarlóir = English speaker Béarlóireacht = (act of) speaking English
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	Beurla [bjɤːr̪ˠl̪ˠə] = English (language) Beurlachas = Anglicism Beurla Leathann = Broad Scots
Manx (Gaelg)	Baarle [bɛːᵈl] = English (language) Baarlagh = of or pertaining to the English language Baarlaghys = Anglicism Baarleyr = English-speaker, anglophone Baarle Albinagh = Scots, Lallans Baarle Ghaelagh, Baarle Vanninagh = Anglo-Manx (language) Baarle Heenagh = pidgin Baarle chiart = the Queen’s English

Etymology: from the Old Irish bél (mouth) and -ra (collective suffix) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Caves

28th June 20195th February 2024 By Simon

Hre are a few words for caves, hollows and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*oumā = cave
Old Irish (Goídelc)	úam = cave
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	úam, úaim, úama = cave, den, lair, cellar, crypt, vault, grave, tomb, pit úamach = a cave-dweller
Irish (Gaeilge)	uaimh [uəvʲ] = cave, souterrain, underground chamber, cellar, crypt, vault, den of thieves, pit uaimheadóireacht = exploration of caves, potholing uaimheolaí = speleologist uaimheolaíocht = speleology uaimheolaí = speleologist uaimh ifrinn = pit of hell uaimh ladrann = den of thieves
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	uamh [ũə̃v] / uaimh = cave, den, hollow, grave, grotto uamh-thalmhainn = souterrain, underground passage
Manx (Gaelg)	oghe = cave, oven ooig = den, cavern, grotto, antar, pit, stope, hotbed, cave ooig-oaylleeaght = speleology
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guocof, guocob, gogof = cave guocobauc, ogouawc, gogofawg = full of caves, cave-like, cavernous
Welsh (Cymraeg)	(g)ogof [ˈɔɡɔv / ˈoːɡɔv] = cave, cavern, grotto, cleft, cavity, den, lair ogofa = to explore caves, caving, pot-holing, speleology ogofaidd = cave-like, cavernous ogofaog = cave-like, cavernous, fulls of caves ogofäwr = caver, pot-holer (g)ogofog = full of caves, cave-like, cavernous ogofwr = cave-dweller, troglodyte ogof l(l)adron = den of thieves
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ogo, ogos = cave, cavern
Cornish (Kernewek)	gogow = cave, cavity

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewn- (empty) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	fochla = burrow, burrowing, den, digging
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	fochla = digging, rooting, burrowing, cavity, hole, burrow, den fochlach = hiding-place fochlaid = burrowing, undermining, uprooting, cavity, hole, pit
Irish (Gaeilge)	uachais = burrow, cavity, lair, den
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fuathais = den (obsolete)
Proto-Brythonic	*fowyā = den, lair, cave
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ffeu, ffau = den, lair, cave
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ffau = den, lair, burrow, set, covert, cave
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	fow = den, cave, a lurking place of wild beasts
Cornish (Kernewek)	fow = cave

Etymology: from the Latin fovea (pit, hole in the ground, snare) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰow- (pit, hole) [source].

Proto-Celtic	tullos/tullom = pierced, perforated, hole
Old Irish (Goídelc)	toll = perforated, pierced, hole tollaid = to pierce, perforate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	toll = pierced, perforated; hollow, empty, tonsured, vain, ineffective; hole, fault; buttocks tollad = act of piercing, attacking, penetrating, impugning tollaid = piereces, penetrates tollus = perforation tretholl = piereced, hollow tuille = hollowness
Irish (Gaeilge)	toll [t̪ˠoːl̪ˠ/t̪ˠəul̪ˠ/t̪ˠʌl̪ˠ] = hole, hollow, posterior, buttocks, piereced, perforated, empty, deep (voice), to bore, pierce, perforate tolladh = borning, perforation tolladóir = borer, piercer, perforator tolladóireacht = (act of) boring tollán = tunnel tollmhór = big-bottomed, bumptious tolltach = piercing, penetrating
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	toll [tɔul̪ˠ] = hole, penetration, hole, hold (of a ship); to bore, perforate, gore toll-guail = coalpit toll-iuchrach = keyhole toll-putain = buttonhole toll-sìolaidh = plughole tolltach [tɔul̪ˠdəx] = full of holes, holed tolta [tɔul̪ˠdə] = bored, perforated, gored tollan [tɔl̪ˠan] = orifice
Manx (Gaelg)	towl = aperture, bore, cavity, crater, hole, hollow, leak, penetration, pothole, shaft, vent towl buird = pigeonhole towl conning = rabbit hole towl dhull = plughole towl doo = black hole yn towlagh = penetrable
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tull, twll, twlh = hole, hollow, pit
Welsh (Cymraeg)	twll [tʊɬ] = hole, aperture, dimple, hollow, pit, cave, burrow, den, orifice twll agoriad, twll (y) clo = keyhole twll botwm = buttonhole twll cath = cat-flap, cat-door twll cesail. twll y gesail = armpit twll cwinngen = rabbit burrrow twll du = black hole twll (y) grisiau = stairwell
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	toll = hole, perforation tolcorn = flute, fife (“horn with holes”) tollec = full of holes, perforated, hollow tolly = to make a hole, to perforate
Cornish (Kernewek)	toll = burrow, hollow, hole, opening, orifice toll alhwedh = keyhole toll boton = button hole toll konin = rabbit burrow toll lavrek = fly (in trousers) toll y’n fos = cash dispenser (“hole in the wall”) tollek = holed, leaky, perforated
Old Breton	tull = foramen (aperture or opening produced by boring)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	toull = pierced, leaky, deep, hollow, empty; hole toulladur = digging, excavation, piercing
Breton (Brezhoneg)	toull [ˈtulː] = holed, pierced, hole, embrasure, entrance toull du = black hole toulled = thole (pin) toullet = perforated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (to push, press, beat, pierce, perforate), from *(s)tew- (to push, hit) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include tollo (hole in the ground where hunters hide, rainwater puddle) in Spanish, toll (pool, puddle) in Catalan, tol (ditch, dam) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root possibly include tkát (to weave) in Czech, tkać (to weave, stick, tuck) in Polish, and тъка [tɐˈkɤ] (to spin, plait, entwine, weave) in Bulgarian [source].

Proto-Celtic	kuwo-/kawyos = hollow
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cúas = hollow, cavity, cave
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cúa, cuae, cua, cúe = hollow, empty’ bell-shaped cup, nut cuäch, cúach = cup, goblet, bowl, cauldron cúachda, cuachda = cupped, hollow cúas, cús = hollow, cavity, cave, cavern, lair, den, shelter cuithe = put, pitfall, prison, dungeon, well, pool, whirlpool
Irish (Gaeilge)	cuas = cavity, hollow, recess, cove, creek cuasach = cavernous, hollow, concave cuasacht = concavity cuasán = (small) cavity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cuas [kuəs] = hollow, cave, cavity cuasach [kuəsəx] = cavernous cuasan [kuəsan] = small hollow/cavity, small cave
Proto-Brythonic	*kow = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cev, keu, kau = hollow, empty, sunken
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cau = hollow, empty, sunken, false, deceitful, enclosing, shut, closed, vacuum, cavity, inwards, bowels yghau = closed, shut
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	*cew = hollow
Cornish (Kernewek)	kew = hollow, enclosed field, paddock, small enclosure
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	cau = covered
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	queu, keu, kev = hollow, concave, deep que = cavity, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kev = cave, concave, hollow, cavity kevded = concavity keviadur = excavation kevian, keviañ = to excavate

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kewh- (vault, hole) [source]. , or from *ḱowh₁ós (hollow), from *ḱewh₁- (to swell) [source]. The English words cave and cavity come from the same roots.

The Breton word kavarn (cave, cavern, den, lair) comes from the same PIE root, probably via the Latin caverna (hollow, cavity, cave, cavern), from cavus (hollow, concave), from the Proto-Italic *kawos [source].

Other words in Breton for cave are groc’h, mougev and roc’h toull. There don’t appear to be any cave-related words that are cognate with the other Celtic languages.

Passes, Ways & Gaps

19th June 2019 By Simon

Words for pass, way and track in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	bolko- / bolno = opening
Old Irish (Goídelc)	belach [r͈oːd] = gap, pass, road, path
Irish (Gaeilge)	bealach [bʲəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈbʲalˠəx / ˈbʲalˠa(h)] = way, road, track, pass, passage, sound
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bealach [bjaɫ̪əx] = (mountain) pass, access, detour, breach, gap, opening, inlet, gangway, tract, gateway
Manx (Gaelg)	bollagh = way, route, road, lane
Welsh (Cymraeg)	bwlch [bʊlχ] = breach, gap, notch, jag, break, flaw, rent, defect, want, loss; distress, crisis, predicament; opportunity; pass, defile, passage; trough between waves; battlement, embrasure, tower, turret
Cornish (Kernewek)	bolgh = breach, gap, opening
Breton (Brezhoneg)	boulc’h = road; opening, breakthrough; niche, slot

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Preder

Breath

17th June 2019 By Simon

Words for breath in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*anatlā = breath
Old Irish (Goídelc)	anál [ˈanaːl] = breathing, breath
Irish (Gaeilge)	anáil [əˈnɑːl] = breath, air, influence
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	anail [anal] = breath, wind, pause, respite, rest
Manx (Gaelg)	ennal = breath, wind
Proto-Brythonic	*anadl = breath
Welsh (Cymraeg)	anadl = breath, breathing, respiration.
Cornish (Kernewek)	anal [‘anal / ‘ænɐ] = breath
Breton (Brezhoneg)	anal = breath, breathing, inspiration, aiming, sighting

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (to breathe) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Names

7th June 2019 By Simon

Words for name in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*anman = name
Gaulish	anuana = name
Primitive Irish	ᚐᚅᚋ (anm) = name
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ainmm, ainm [anʲmʲ] = name, reputation, repute, renown; noun
Irish (Gaeilge)	ainm [ˈanʲəmʲ] = name, reputation, noun
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ainm [ɛnɛm] = name, denomination, title
Manx (Gaelg)	ennym [ɛnɛm] = name, noun, epithet, designation, title of book, figurehead
Proto-Brythonic	*anw [ˈanw] = name
Old Welsh	anu = name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	enw = name
Welsh (Cymraeg)	enw [ˈɛnʊ / ˈeːnu] = name, appellation, appellative; title, denomination, term, name or title; noun
Cornish (Kernewek)	hanow [‘hanɔʊ / ‘hænɔ] = name, noun, substantive
Middle Breton	hanu, anff = name
Breton (Brezhoneg)	anv [ˈɑ̃n.o] = name, noun

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (name) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Useful phrases

What’s your name?

Irish: Cén t-ainm atá ort? Cad is ainm duit? C’ainm atá ort?
Scottish Gaelic: Dè an t-ainm a th’ort
Manx: Cre’n ennym t’ort?
Welsh: Beth ydy dy enw di?
Cornish: Pyth yw dha hanow?
Breton: Petra eo da anv? Pe anv out?

My name is …

Irish: Is mise … / Mise … / … is ainm dom
Scottish Gaelic: Is mise …
Manx: Ta’n ennym orrym … / Mish …
Welsh: … dwi / … ydw i
Cornish: Ow hanow yw …
Breton: … eo ma anv

More phrases in:
Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton

Tracks & Paths

25th May 201915th July 2021 By Simon

Words for tracks & paths in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	casán / cosán = path, footpath
Irish (Gaeilge)	cosán [kəˈsˠɑːn̪ˠ / ˈkɔsˠɑːnˠ / ˈkɑsˠɑnˠ] = path, footway, track; way, passage; direction
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	casan [kasan] = path, supporting beam, treadle, wattle
Manx (Gaelg)	cassan = path, trajectory, passage, sidewalk, thoroughfare

Etymology: from the Old Irish cos (foot) & -án [source].

Proto-Celtic	*slixtus = track, section
Old Irish (Goídelc)	slicht [sʲl͈ʲixt] = path, trace, track, trail, section, offspring
Irish (Gaeilge)	sliocht = mark, trace, track; offspring, line, progeny, posterity; passage, tract, extract
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sliochd [ʃlixg] = descendants, offspring, increase, progeny, succession, lineage
Manx (Gaelg)	sliught = line, issue, spawn
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llywbr = path, footpath, beaten track, unmade pathway; footprints, tracks, trail; course, direction, orbit; method, manner, mode

Old Irish (Goídelc)	slighe [sʲl͈ʲixt] = path, trace, track, trail, section, offspring
Irish (Gaeilge)	slí = way, road, track; route, passage; course, direction; distrance, journey; means, method
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	slighe [ʃLʲi.ə] = path, track, trail, way; course, passage, route
Manx (Gaelg)	sleayd (?) = trail, dredge, sledge, toboggan, trailer

Proto-Celtic	*sentus = path, way
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sét [sʲl͈ʲixt] = path, trace, track, trail, section, offspring
Irish (Gaeilge)	séad = path, way; course, journey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	séad = way, road
Proto-Brythonic	*hɨnt [hɨnt] = path, way
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hint, hynt = way, path, course
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hynt [hɨ̞nt / hɪnt] = way, path, course, journey, march; career, expedition, campaign, venture; affair; fate, condition, state; mood, freak, whim
Middle Cornish	hyns [hɪns] = course, path, road, way
Cornish (Kernewek)	hens [hɛnz] = course, path, road, way
Old Breton	hint = path, road
Middle Breton	hent = path, road
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hent [hɛ̃nd] = path, road

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sent- (to head for, go, travel) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Fords

23rd May 201915th July 2021 By Simon

Words for ford in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*yātus = ford
Old Irish (Goídelc)	áth = ford
Irish (Gaeilge)	áth = ford; spawning bed (in river); opening
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	àth [aːh] = ford
Manx (Gaelg)	aah = ford, drift

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (to ride, travel) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*ɸritus = ford
Gaulish	ritu = ford
Irish (Gaeilge)	rith = ford
Proto-Brythonic	ritum, rrɨd = ford
Old Welsh	rit = ford
MIddle Welsh (Kymraec)	ryd, ryt = ford
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhyd = ford, strait
Old Cornish	rid = ford
Cornish (Kernewek)	rys [rɪ:z] / res [re:z] = ford
Old Breton	rit = ford
Breton (Brezhoneg)	red = ford

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pértus/*pr̥téw- (crossing) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Streets

22nd May 201925th March 2024 By Simon

Words for street in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	sráit [sraːdʲ] = street, road
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sráit [sraːdʲ] = street, road, path, way
Irish (Gaeilge)	sráid [sˠɾˠɑːdʲ / sˠɾˠæːdʲ] = street, level (surfaced) ground around house, village sráidbhaile = village sráideánach = villager, townsman sráidéigeas = street singer sráideoireacht = street-walking, strolling sráidí = street-walker, stroller, idler
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sràid [sdraːdʲ] = street, lane sràideachd [sdraːdʲəxg] = (act of) walking the streets, (act of) pacing sràideag [sdraːdʲag] = small lane, skip, leap, short walk, street walker sràideamaich [sdraːdʲəmɪç] = promenade, perambulate, saunter, stroll, lounge sràidimeachd [sdraːdʲɪməxg] = promenading, perambulating, sauntering, strolling, lounging sràidean [sdraːdʲan] = little street sràidearachd [sdraːdʲərəxg] = (act of) sauntering, promenading
Manx (Gaelg)	straid = street, farmyard, thoroughfare straaid = street
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	stryd, ystryd, ystryt = street, (main) road, highway
Welsh (Cymraeg)	(y)stryd, (y)strŷt = street, (main) road, highway strydgall = streetwise stryd fawr = high street, main street stryd unffordd = one-way street
Cornish (Kernewek)	stret [strɛ:t / stre:t] = street stret unfordh = one-way street stretwikor, stretwikores = street-trader stretyn = alley, little street
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	strehet = alley, lane, road
Breton (Brezhoneg)	straed [ˈstrɛːt] = alley, lane, road narrow path, throat straed-dall = cul-de-sac

Etymology: from the Old Norse stræti (street) or the Old English strǣt (road, street), from the Proto-Germanic *strātō (street), both of which come from the Late Latin strāta (a paved road), from strātus (stretched out, spread out), from Proto-Italic *strātos, from PIE *str̥h₃tós (stretched, spread) [source].

From the same roots we get words such as stratum, stratus (cloud), and strategy in English, estrato (layer, stratum) in Spanish, στρατός [stɾaˈtos] (army) in Greek, and words for (flat) valley in Celtic languages, such as srath in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and ystrad in Welsh [source].

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