Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Scholarly Pupils

A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Clàrsach class 2017

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil
Irish (Gaeilge) deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple
deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship
Proto-Brythonic *dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate
Welsh (Cymraeg) disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblaethu = to discipline
disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple
Cornish (Kernewek) dyskybel = disciple
dyskybeleth = discipline
Middle Breton (Brezonec) desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple
disquebles = disciple (female)
Breton (Brezhoneg) diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil
diskiblezh = discipline

Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [source].

Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling
daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage
daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple
daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment
daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship
dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man
Irish (Gaeilge) dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling
daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship
daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil
daltas = cadetship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild
daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage
daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering
Manx (Gaelg) doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate
doltaghey = foster, fostering
doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage
doltanagh = initiate
dolteynys = adoption, wardship
dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) myfyriwr = student, one who meditates
Welsh (Cymraeg) myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates

Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [source].

The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [source].

Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) scol = school
scolaige = scholar, student
scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scol = school
scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer
Irish (Gaeilge) scoil = school
scolaíoch = scholastic
scolaíocht = schooling, school education
scoláire = scholar, learned person
scoláireacht = scholarship, learning
scolártha = scholarly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgoil = school
sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher
sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al)
sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship
sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying
Manx (Gaelg) scoill, schoill = school
scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar
schoillar = scholar, student
scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil
schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic
schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship
Proto-Brythonic *ɨskol = school
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school
escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition
ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school
ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic
ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition
(y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
prifysgol = university
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scol = school
scolheic = scholar
Cornish (Kernewek) skol [skoːl] = school
skoler = scholar
skolheygel = scholarly, erudite
skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student
skolheygieth = scholarship
skolji = schoolhouse
pennskol, pednskol = university
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scol = school
scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
Breton (Brezhoneg) skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school
skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school
skol-veur = university
skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student
skoliañ = to instruct, teach

Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [source].

Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) mac léinn = student
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac-léighinn = student (archaic)

Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)
Manx (Gaelg) studeyr = student
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic
Welsh (Cymraeg) (a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic
Cornish (Kernewek) studhyer, studhyores = student
Breton (Brezhoneg) studier = student

Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [source].

Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [source]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Bishops

A post about words for bishop in Celtic languages.

bishops

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) epscop [ˈebskob] = bishop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) epscop, espoc, escop = bishop, episcopus, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) easpag [ˈɑsˠpˠəɡ / ˈæsˠpˠəɡ / ˈɑsˠpˠək] = bishop
easpagóideach = episcopal
easpagóideacht = bishopric, episcopacy
ardeaspag = archbishop
ardeaspagóideacht = archbishopric
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) easbaig [esbɪgʲ] = bishop
easbaigeach [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopal
easbaigeachd [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopacy, bishop’s see, bishopric
àrd-easbaig / prìomh-easbaig [aːr̪ˠd esbɪgʲ] = archbishop
Manx (Gaelg) aspick, aspit = bishop, prelate
aspickagh = bishop, diocesan, Episcopalian
aspickys = bishopric, diocese, see
ard-aspick = archbishop, primate
fo-aspick = suffragan
Proto-Brythonic *eskob = bishop
Old Welsh (Kembraec) escop = bishop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) esgob, escip, escyp, esgyb = bishop, prelate, overseer
escobaeth, escopaeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaut, escobot, esgobot, esgobavt = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
escopty, esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archescyp, archescop, archescyb, archesgyb, archescob = archbishop
Welsh (Cymraeg) esgob [ˈɛskɔb] = bishop
esgob(i)aeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaethu = to perform the duties of a bishop
esgob(i)aethol = pertaining to a bishopric, diocesan, containing a cathedral, episcopal, episcopalian
esgobaidd = bishop-like, episcopal
esgobawd, esgobod = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archesgob = archbishop, primate, metropolitan
Old Cornish escop = bishop
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) escop, epscop = bishop
Cornish (Kernewek) epskop, epskobes = bishop
epskobeth = bishopric
arghepskop = archbishop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) eskop = bishop
Breton (Brezhoneg) eskob [ˈeskop] = bishop, plough pin
eskobaj = episcopate
eskobel = episcopal
eskobelezh = episcopacy
eskopti [esˈkop.ti] = bishopric, diocese, episcopal palace
arc’heskob [arˈɣeskop] = archbishop

Etymology: from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos – overseer), from ἐπί (epí – over) and σκοπός (skopós – watcher, lookout, guardian). Words from the same roots include episcopal in English, évêque (bishop) in French, episcopo (bishop) in Italian, epíscopo (bishop) in Portuguese, peshkop (bishop, bookworm) in Albanian, and piskopos (bishop) in Turkish [source].

The English word bishop also comes from same roots, via Middle English bischop (bishop), Old English bisċop (bishop) from Proto-West-Germanic *biskop (bishop), from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus (bishop), from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), etc. [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Bottles

Words for bottle and related things in Celtic languages.

Bottles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buidél, buidel = bottle
Irish (Gaeilge) buidéal [bˠɪˈdʲeːl̪ˠ / ˈbˠʊdʲeːlˠ / ˈbˠɪdʲalˠ] = bottle
buidéalaí = bottler
buidéalaigh = to bottle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buideal [budʲəl̪ˠ] = bottle
buidealair [budʲəl̪ʲɛrʲ] = butler
buidealaireachd [budʲəl̪ʲɪrʲəxg] = occupation of a butler
boicheal [bɔçəl̪ˠ] = bottle
botal [bɔhdəl̪ˠ] = bottle
botalaichte [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪçdʲə] = bottled
botalaich [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪç] = bottle!
Manx (Gaelg) boteil = bottle
boteilagh = to bottle, bottlelike
boteilaghey = bottle, bottling
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) potel(l), botel(l) = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine
Welsh (Cymraeg) potel [ˈpɔtal / ˈpɔtɛl] = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine
potelaf, potelu = to bottle
potelaid = bottleful
potelog = characterized by the sound of clinking bottles, pertaining to bottles
Cornish (Kernewek) botel = abbot
botella, botla = to bottle
botellas = bottleful
boteller = butler
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boutaill = bottle
boutaillat = bottled, bottleful
boutoiller = bottler, sommelier
Breton (Brezhoneg) boutailh [ˈbutːaʎ / ˈbutːalj] = bottle
boutailhad [bu.ˈta.ʎ:at] = bottled, bottleful
boutailher = bottler, sommelier
boutailherezh = office of a sommelier

Etymology from Middle English botel (bottle), from Old French botele (bottle), from Late Latin butticula (bottle, flask), a diminutive of buttis (cask), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bew-(to swell) [source].

The Welsh and Cornish words come via Middle English, while the words in the other languages come directly from Old French [source].

Words from the same roots include boot, butt (cask, barrel), and butler in English, botte (barrel, cask) in Italian, botte (boot, oppression) in French, botija (jug, vessel) in Spanish, butoi (barrel, cask) in Romanian, and buta (butt, cask, stock, stocky person) in Irish [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) putraic, potraic, puitric = a vessel or bottle for containing liquor
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) puitric† = bottle

Etymology maybe from Latin pōtiō (drinking, drink draught, potion), from pōtō (to drink), from Proto-Italic *pōtos (drunk), from Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós (having been drunk, having drunk), from *peh₃- (to drink) [source].

Words from the same roots include beverage, bibacious, bibulous, imbibe, poison, potable, potion and symposium in English, boire (to drink) in French, potabile (drinkable, potable) in Italian, and beber (to drink, draw from) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) searróg = stone bottle (of hay or straw)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) searrag = bottle, flask, phial, stoup, cup, bundle of hay
soireag [sɔrʲag] = small vessel, small flask/bottle, small vase, small sack
Welsh (Cymraeg) jar, jâr = jar, hot water bottle
Cornish (Kernewek) jarrik = jar
Breton (Brezhoneg) jarl = (clay, earthenware) jar

Etymology possibly from English jar [source], from Middle English jarre (jar), from Medieval Latin jarra (jar), or from Middle French jarre (liquid measure), or from Spanish jarra, jarro (jug, pitcher, mug, stein), all from Arabic جَرَّة (jarra – jar, amphora) [source].

Manx (Gaelg) costrayl = bottle, jar, leather bottle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) costrel, kostrele = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg
costreleit, costreled = bottleful, flagonful
Welsh (Cymraeg) costrel [ˈkʰɔstrɛl] = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg, measure of two quarts
costrel win = wine bottle, wine flagon
costrelau’r nefoedd = the bottles of heaven, the clouds
costrelu, costrelo = to bottle, preserve, treasure
costrelaid = bottleful, flagonful
costrelan = phial, ampulla, flask
costreliad = a bottling
costrelig = small costrel, phial, flask
costrelwr, costrelydd = one who carries wine or water in bottles, bottle-maker and seller

Etymology from Middle English costrel(le) (any small container or means of storage for liquids; a costrel), from Old French costerel (container for a liquid), from costeret, from costerez, from Latin costa (rib, side, wall), Proto-Italic *ko(n/r)stā- (rib), of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kost- [source]. The French word cotret (bundle of sticks, stick, rod) comes from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Cressy

Words for cress, watercress, and related things in Celtic languages.

Watercress

Watercress is a perennial European herb, Nasturtium officinale, that grows in freshwater streams; used in salads and as a garnish, or a similar plant, Nasturtium microphyllum [source].

Cress is a plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *beruros = watercress
Gaulish berula = cress
Old Irish (Goídelc) birar = watercress
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) birar, biror, bilar, bilur = watercress
biolar Mhuire = brooklime
biolar tragha = scurvy-grass
birarán = clean-topped cress
Irish (Gaeilge) biolar [ˈbʲul̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈbʲɨlˠəɾˠ] = cress, watercress
biolrach = cressy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biolair [bjul̪ʲɪrʲ] = cress, especially watercress
biolaireach = pertaining to or abouding in watercress
Manx (Gaelg) burley = cress, watercress
Proto-Brythonic *berur = cress (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) berwr, berỽr, berw = cress, watercress
Welsh (Cymraeg) berwr, berw = cress, watercress
Old Cornish beler = watercress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) beler = watercress
Cornish (Kerneweg) beleren = cress
beleren dhowr = watercress
Old Breton (Brethonog) beror = cress, watercress
Middle Breton (Brezonec) beler = cress, watercress
Breton (Brezhoneg) beler [ˈbeː.lɛr] = cress, watercress
belereg / belerid = watercress bed
belerek = abounding in watercress

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic berus (spring, well), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), or from PIE *bʰréh₁wr̥ (spring, source). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *berulā and Latin berula (a herb: bittercress or waterparsnip) include berle (water parsnip) in French, Berle (water parsnip) in German, and berro (cress, watercress) in Spanish and Galician [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Birth

Words for to be born, birth and related things in Celtic languages.

IS7DII_19547

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ganyetor = to be born
Old Irish (Goídelc) gein = birth
genemain = birth, generation
gainithir = to be born, arise, beget, originate
ad·gainethar = to be reborn, to restitute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gein, gene = birth,
genemain, geinemain = coming into existence, birth, generative power, growth, production, race, progeny, source, fountain-head
gainithir, gentair, gēntar = to come to life, be born, produce, arise, originate, beget, procreate, conceive
ad-gainethar, adgainethar = to be reborn, to restitute, make good
Irish (Gaeilge) gin [ˈɟɪnʲ] = to give birth to, beget, procreate, generate, produce; begetting, birth, foetus, chid, offspring, person
giniúint = procreation, conception, birth, reproduction, generation, embryo, progeny, breed
giniúnach = generative
gineadóir = begetter, sower, generator
gineadóireacht = (act of) generating
ginealach = genealogy, pedigree
gineog = little offspring, baby (girl), little sprout, bud, germling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gin [gʲin] = beget, father, create, engender, procreate, reproduce, breed, generate
gineach [gʲinəx] = genetic
gineachas [gʲinəxəs] = genesis
gineadach [gʲinədəx] = creative
gineadachadh = generating, generation
gineadair [gʲinədɪrʲ] = progenitor, procreator, generator
ginealach [gʲinəl̪ˠəx] = generation
Manx (Gaelg) gientyn = to beget, conceive, evolve, generate, procreate, produce; begetting, conceiving, conception, gender, generation, production
giennaghtyn = to beget, develop, generate, procreate; generation, developing, producing
Proto-Brythonic *gėnjed = to be born
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ganed, geny, geni = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedic, ganedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigawl = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Welsh (Cymraeg) geni [ˈɡɛnɪ/ˈɡeːni] = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedig, genedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
genedigaeth, ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigaethol, ganedigaethol = native (language, etc), pertaining to (a person’s) birth
genedigol, ganedigol = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) geny, genys, gynys = to be born
Cornish (Kernewek) genys = born
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ganet, guenell, guenel = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
Breton (Brezhoneg) genel, ganañ, general [ˈɡẽː.nɛl] = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
geneliezh = genesis
genidigezh = natural
gendik = native
adcʼhenel [ad.ˈɣẽː.nɛl] = to be reborn

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor, from *ǵenh₁- (to produce, beget, give birth) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: kind (child) and koning (king, monarch) (gender, sex) in Dutch, cognate, engine(er), gender, gene, general, genesis, genetic, genial, genius, gentle, kin, king, nature, oxygen and progeny in English, Kind (child, kid, offspring) and König (king) in German, nascere (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, and gentis (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *bereti = to carry
*ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Gaídelc) beirid [ˈbʲerʲiðʲ] = to carry, bear, bring forth, judge
ar·beir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beirid, berid = to carry, infer, bear, bring forth, be born, yield, produce, judge, pass judgement
ar-beir, airbir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, subdue, express
Irish (Gaeilge) beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth to; lay (eggs); bear away, win; bring, take; catch, overtake; proceed, advance
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beir [berʲ] = to take hold; bring forth, bear, produce; carry
beirachd [berʲəxg] = bearing (children), giving birth, birthing, bringing forth, birth, nativity, taking hold, holding, catching up with
Manx (Gaelg) behr = to bear (give birth to)
ruggyr = birth, nativity
laa ruggyr, laa ruggyree = birthday
Proto-Brythonic *bėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to flow, carry
*ėrβėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to make use of, employ, take
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beru = to flow
Welsh (Cymraeg) beru = to flow, drip; drizzle
arfer [ˈarvɛr] = to use, be used to, be accustomed to; custom, practice, procedure, habit
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) berthy, perthy = to bear, carry, sustain, entertain, take
porthy = to bear (with), carry, endure, sustain, suffer
Cornish (Kernewek) perthi = to bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate
perthyans = endurance, patience, tolerance
Middle Breton beraff = to flow
Breton (Brezhoneg) berañ [ˈbeːrã] = to drip, flow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source]. Words from the same roots include: barn, barrow, (to) bear, birth, broad and (to) thole (to endure) in English, bie (to bring, deliver) Albanian, բերել (berel – to bring, fetch) Armenian, and berti (to throw, strew, scatter, shed) Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Pursuing Followers

Words for to follow, pursue and related things in Celtic languages.

Following mommy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sekʷetor = to follow
Old Irish (Goídelc) seichithir = to follow, persue
sechem = following, imitating
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) seichithir sechethar, sechtir = to follow, persue
sechem, sechim = following, imitating
sechimthid, seichteóir, seichthid = follower
Irish (Gaeilge) seicheamh = following, taking after, imitating, sequence, progression
fosheicheamh = subsequence

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (to be following), from *sekʷ- (to follow) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish (?) and Latin segusius (a hunting dog) include: sabuxo (hound) in Galician, segugio (hound, bloodhound, private eye, sleuth) in Spanish, and sabujo (hound, submissive person) in Portuguese [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: associate, sector, sequence, society, (to) sue, suit, suite and subsequent in English, suivre (to follow) in French, sèkti (to observe, track down, follow, spy on) in Lithuanian, and seguir (to follow, continue, keep (on)) in Spanish [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sewye, sewé, sywé = to follow, persue
Cornish (Kernewek) sewya = to follow, result
holyans = consequence, outcome, result, sequel

Etymology: from English (to) sue [source], which used to mean to follow or court, and comes from Middle English seuen (to follow, walk behind, be guided), from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer (to follow), from Old French sivre (to follow after), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (to follow), from Latin sequī, from sequor (to follow, pursue, succeed), from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr (to follow, come/go after), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (to follow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *linati = to stick, cling
*ati-linati = to adhere, stick to, cling
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenaid [ˈl͈ʲenɨðʲ] = to stick, cling, follow, remain, continue, survive
lenamain = adhering, clinging, following
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lena(i)d = to remain, continue, survive, pursue, persist, cleave to, cling to, adhere to, stay with, follow
len(a)main = adhering, clinging to, stuck in, following, pursuing
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Irish (Gaeilge) lean [lʲan̪ˠ] = to follow, continue, remain, endure
leantach = consecutive, continuing
leantóir = follower, trailer
leanúint = following, persuit, adherence, continuation
leanúnach = follower, pursuer, successor, continuant, continuous, successive
leanúnachas = continuity, attachment, faithfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lean [l̪ʲɛn] = follow, pursue, ensue, succeed, follow, continue, go on, stick to
leanachd [l̪ʲɛnəxg] = following, pursuing, pursuit, followers, ensuing, succeeding, continuing
leanadail [l̪ʲɛnədal] = attendant
leanailteach [l̪ʲɛnnaldʲəx] = adhesive, sticking, sticky, dogged, persistent, tenacious
leanailteachd [l̪ʲɛnaldʲəxg] = continuity, perseverance, tenacity, adhesiveness, adhesion
leanaltas = perseverance
Manx (Gaelg) lhian(t) = to follow
lhiantag = attachment
lhiantyn = following
lhiantyn da/gys = to cleave (to)
lhiantyn hug = to attach, obsess
lhiantyn huggey = to take after
lhiantyn rish = to cleave, persevere, pursue, stick to, cling
lhiantys = adherence, attachment
lhiantynys = adhesion, attachment
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnad = to stick, cling
Old Welsh (Kembraec) linisant = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynv, eddlynu, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul
Welsh (Cymraeg) llynaf, llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynaf, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (to smear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include lime, liniment, loam and delete in English, lijm (glue) in Dutch, limon (silt) in French, Leim (glue) in German, limo (mud, slime, silt) in Italian, and lim (glue) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *solgos = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) olhau = to follow, trace
Welsh (Cymraeg) olhaf, olhau = to follow, trace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) holye = to come after, to follow
Cornish (Kernewek) holya = to follow
holyans = sequence
holyer, holyores = follower
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hol = (act of) following
Middle Breton (Brezonec) heul = following
heultaff = to follow
Breton (Brezhoneg) heul [høːl] = continuation, cortege, parade, escort, procession
heuli(a)ñ [ˈhøljã] = to follow
heul(iad) [ˈhø.ljat] = procession, line, sequence, continuation, series, train
heuliadur = extension
heuliata = to continue
heuliataer = follower
heulier = follower, adept, minion
heulius = conformist

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *selgʰ- (to follow) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Larches

Words for larch (tree) and related things in Celtic languages.

The larch is a coniferous tree of the genus Larix with deciduous leaves in fascicles (bundles, clusters) [source]. There are various species of larches found in Europe, Siberia, Canada, the USA, China and Japan [source].

Conifer Colour

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Irish (Gaeilge) learóg = larch
crann learóige = larch tree
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) learag [l̪ʲɛrag] = larch
craobh-learaig = larch tree
learach [l̪ʲɛrəx] = larch wood
learagach [l̪ʲɛragəx] = abounding in larch trees
Manx (Gaelg) lhiarrag = larch
larsh = larch
Welsh (Cymraeg) lar(t)s = larch (tree), made of larch-wood, larchen, consisting of larches
llarsbren = larch tree
llar(s)wydd = larches, larch trees
Cornish (Kernewek) lar(ch)wedhen = larch

Etymology: from Ancient Greek λάριξ (lárix – larch, Venice turpentine*), possibly from Gaulish *devro (oak?), from Proto-Celtic *daru (oak), from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (tree). The Welsh and Cornish words, and larsh in Manx, come from the same roots via English [source].

*Venice turpentine = A thick substance made from the tree resin of the European larch (Larix decidua), formerly used as a component in the oil paintings to create glossy, translucent glazes [source].

Alternatively, according to Vitruvius (a Roman architect and engineer), larix in Latin was named after Larignum, a town in the Alps surrounded by larch trees which the Romans, lead by Julius Ceasar, beseiged in the 1st century AD when they refused to provide supplies [source].

The English word larch comes from the same roots, via early modern German Larche/Lärche (larch), from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, from Latin larix (larch), from Ancient Greek λάριξ [source].

Words from Latin larix (larch) in other languages include: làrix in Catalan, lariks in Dutch, Lärche in German, ლარიქსი (lariksi) in Georgrian, mélèze in French and lærk in Danish, all of which mean larch (tree) [source].

Larch in Breton is melez, which comes from French mélèze (larch), which comes from Gaulish *mel- (larch) and Latin larix (larch) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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