Author: Simon

I am a linguist, web developer and musician. I live in Bangor in Wales and run Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages, as well as making the Radio Omniglot Podcast.

Celtic Pathways – Hollow

By Simon

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In this episode we’re delving into Celtic words for hollow and related things.

Hollows

The Proto-Celtic word *tullos means pierced, perforated or hole, and comes from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (to push, press, beat, pierce, perforate), from *(s)tew- (to push, hit) [source].

Descendents in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • toll [t̪ˠoːl̪ˠ] = hole, hollow, posterior, piereced, empty in Irish.
  • toll [tɔul̪ˠ] = hole, penetration, hole, hold (of a ship) in Scottish Gaelic
  • towl = aperture, bore, cavity, crater, hole, hollow in Manx
  • twll [tʊɬ] = hole, aperture, dimple, hollow, pit, cave, burrow, den, orifice in Welsh.
  • toll = burrow, hollow, hole, opening, orifice in Cornish
  • toull [ˈtulː] = holed, pierced, hole, entrance in Breton

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root in other languages include tollo (hole in the ground where hunters hide, puddle) in Spanish, toll (pool, puddle) in Catalan, and tol (ditch, dam) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root possibly include tkát (to weave) in Czech, тъка [tɐˈkɤ] (to spin, plait, entwine, weave) in Bulgarian and tkać (to weave, stick, tuck) in Polish [source]. Also stoke in English, stoken (to poke, stoke, light a fire, stir up) in Dutch, and estoquer (to impale) in French [source]

You can find more details of words for hollows, holes, caves and related things on the Celtiadur blog. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

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Omniglot News (27/08/23)

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

Here’s the latest news from the world of Omniglot.

There are new language pages about:

  • Iceve-Maci, a Tivoid language spoken in southwest Cameroon and southeast Nigeria.
  • Esimbi, a Tivoid language spoken in the Northwest Province of Cameroon.
  • Chaura (Sanënyö), a Nicobarese language spoken on Chowra (Chaura) Island in the Nicobar Islands, part of the Indian union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

New constructed script: Foamemes, which is an alternative way to write American English devised by Earthcat Terrence and Rex Angular

Sample text in Foamemes

New constructed script: Jackson’s Dialect Phonetic Alphabet (JDPA), which was devised by Jackson Green as an alternative way to write Canadian English.

Sample text in Jackson's Dialect Phonetic Alphabet (JDPA)

New constructed script: Liran, which was invented by Seth Zaw to write his constructed language, Liran.

Sample text in Liran

New numbers pages:

  • Chaura (Sanënyö), a Nicobarese language spoken on Chowra (Chaura) Island in the Nicobar Islands
  • Kanuri (Kànùrí), a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.
  • Kpelle (Kpɛlɛwoo), a Mande language spoken in Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau and Chad.

On the Omniglot blog there’s a new post called Gadding About about the meanings and origins of the word gad and related words, and there’s the usual Language Quiz. See if you can guess what language this is:

Here’s a clue: this language was spoken in Australia, and is currently being revived.

The mystery language in last week’s language quiz was Capiznon (Kapisnon), a Central Bisayan language spoken in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines.

There’s a new Celtiadur post called Fearful Dread, which looks into some fearful and dreadful words in Celtic languages.

In the Adventure in Etymology we investigate the origins of the word Crotchet (♩) and related things.

2222 day streak on Duolingo

In other news, I reached 2222 days on my Duolingo learning streak this week, which seems like quite a milestone to me, and I’m still enjoying it. I’ve nearly finished the Japanese course – only half a unit to complete, plus some legendary levels. I have 2.5 more units to finish in the Spanish course, 3.5 in Finnish, and nearly 4 in Scottish Gaelic. I don’t know which language(s) I’ll study when I finish these courses.

For more Omniglot News see:
https://www.omniglot.com/news/
https://twitter.com/Omniglossia
https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/
https://www.facebook.com/Omniglot-100430558332117

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101

Adventures in Etymology – Crotchet (♩)

By Simon

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In this adventure we investigate the origins of the word crotchet and related things.

Crotchet

A crotchet [ˈkɹɒtʃ.ɪt] is:

  • A musical note one beat long in 4/4 time (♩), also known as a quarter note in the USA
  • A forked support or crotch
  • A square bracket []

Historically it meant:

  • A sharp curve or crook; a shape resembling a hook
  • A hook-shaped instrument
  • A whim or a fancy.

It comes from Middle English crochet (hook, crook, hooked staff), from Old French crochet (small hook) from croc (hook, hook-shaped weapon), from Frankish *krōk- (hook), or Old Norse krókr (hook), from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (hook) [source].

Words from the same roots include crochet and crook in English, crúca (hook, crook, clutch, claw) in Irish, and crochet (hook, square bracket, fang) and croche (quaver / eighth note) in French [source].

The musical note was apparently called a crotchet because it had a small hook on its stem in old musical notation. In modern notation it’s the quaver (eighth note) that has the hook (a.k.a. tail) ♪.

Incidentally, quaver comes from Middle English quaven, cwaiven (to tremble), from Old English *cwifer, which is probably related to cwic (alive, living, intelligent, keen) [source].

Here’s an example of some crotchets, quavers and other musical notes in action in a tune I wrote a few years ago called Dancing on Custard played by me on the harp:

You can find a score for it on MuseScore – this is not exactly the same as the recording.

I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur.

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Omniglot News (20/08/23)

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

Here’s the latest news from the world of Omniglot.

There are new language pages about:

  • Nahavaq (Lhiimaqalhqamaꞌ), a Southern Oceanic spoken on Malekula Island in Malampa Province of Vanuatu.
  • Noakhailla (নোয়াখাইল্লা), an eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the southeast of Bangladesh, and also in the northeast of India
  • Mamasa, a South Sulawesi language spoken in West Sulawesi Province in central Indonesia.

New constructed script: Terraphon, which is an alternative way to write American English devised by Earthcat Terrence.

Sample text in Terraphon

New numbers pages:

  • Nahavaq (Lhiimaqalhqamaꞌ), a Southern Oceanic spoken on Malekula Island in Malampa Province of Vanuatu.
  • Zaghawa (Beria), an Eastern Saharan language spoken mainly in parts of Chad and Sudan.
  • Istriot (Lèngua Eîstriota), a Romance language spoken in the south west of the Istrian Peninsula in Croatia

On the Omniglot blog there’s a new post called Hiding in Caves in which we find out what links the word grotesque with caves and hiding., and there’s the usual Language Quiz. See if you can guess what language this is:

Here’s a clue: this language is spoken in the Philippines.

The mystery language in last week’s language quiz was Limbu (ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ), a Kiranti language spoken in eastern Nepal and northeastern India.

There’s a new Celtiadur post about the words companion, ceilidh and related things in Celtic languages, and I made improvements to posts about words for https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2020/03/22/badgers/Badgers, and Circles.

In the Celtic Pathways podcast we investigate the possible Celtic origins of the word Phon(e)y and find out how it is connect to words for ring and related things.

I also made improvements to the Zaghawa, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Uyghur, Kazakh and Tatar language pages.

For more Omniglot News see:
https://www.omniglot.com/news/
https://twitter.com/Omniglossia
https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/
https://www.facebook.com/Omniglot-100430558332117

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101

Celtic Pathways – Phoney Rings

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

In this episode we look into the possibly Celtic roots of the word phoney, and find out how it is connected to words for ring and related things.

Irish Claddagh Ring

The Proto-Celtic word *ānniyos means ring, and comes from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (ring). [source].

Descendents in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • fáinne [ˈfˠɑːɲə/ˈfˠæːn̠ʲə] = ring, circle, ringlet, curl or halo in Irish.
  • fàinne [faːn̪ʲə] = ring, ringlet or circle in Scottish Gaelic
  • fainney = circle, puck, wreathe or ring in Manx

The English word phon(e)y (fraudulent, fake) possibly comes from the old slang word fawney (a finger ring, a gilt brass ring used by swindlers), from the Irish fáinne (ring) [source].

The Hiberno-English word fainne [ˈfɑnjə/ˈfɔnjə], which refers to a pin badge worn to show fluency in, or a willingness to speak Irish, also comes from the same Irish root [source]. More information about the fainne badge: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fáinne

Other words from the same PIE root, via the Latin ānus (ring, anus) include annular (ring-shaped, banded/marked with circles) and anus in English, անուր (anur – collar, oppression, yoke) in Armenian, anneau (ring) in French, and anello (ring, link) in Italian [source].

You can find more details of words for circles, rings and related things on the Celtiadur blog. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Omniglot News (13/08/23)

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

Here’s the latest news from the world of Omniglot.

There are new language pages about:

  • Huehuetla Tepehua (Lhiimaqalhqamaꞌ), a Totonacan spoken in central Mexico.
  • Pááfang, a Micronesian language spoken in Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia
  • Tai Hongjin (Taj₄hong₆tjin₃), a Southwestern Tai language spoken mainly in Yunan Province in the southwest of China, and also in Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand.

New constructed script: Kanabasic, which is an alternative way to write Japanese created by Safebox that is half-way between romaji and kana.

Sample text in Kana Basic

New numbers pages:

  • Huehuetla Tepehua (Lhiimaqalhqamaꞌ), a Totonacan spoken in central Mexico.
  • Tai Hongjin (Taj₄hong₆tjin₃), a Southwestern Tai language spoken mainly in Yunan Province in the southwest of China
  • Karachay-Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил), a Turkic language spoken mainly in Kabardino-Balkaria, in the Russia Federation.

On the Omniglot blog we find out what conects the word gossamer with the words Goose and Summer, and there’s the usual Language Quiz. See if you can guess what language this is:

Here’s a clue: this language is spoken in Nepal and India.

The mystery language in last week’s language quiz was Yucuna (Jukuna), a Northern Maipurean or Arawakan language spoken in the south of Colombia

There’s a new Celtiadur post about words for Near and Close and related things in Celtic languages, and I made improvements to the posts about words for Gods and Goddesses, Small and Big, Large and Great.

In the Adventure in Etymology we investigate the origins of the word Twilight and related words.

I also wrote a new song this week called Farewell that goes something like this:

For more Omniglot News see:
https://www.omniglot.com/news/
https://twitter.com/Omniglossia
https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/
https://www.facebook.com/Omniglot-100430558332117

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101

Adventures in Etymology – Twilight

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

In this adventure we investigate the origins of the word twilight.

Kent Estuary from Arnside

Twilight [ˈtwaɪˌlaɪt] means:

  • The soft light in the sky seen before the rising and (especially) after the setting of the sun, occasioned by the illumination of the earth’s atmosphere by the direct rays of the sun and their reflection on the earth.
  • The time when this light is visible; the period between daylight and darkness

It comes from Middle English twilight (twilight), from twi- (double, half) and li(g)ht (light), which ultimately come from PIE *dwi- (two, double), and *lewk- (light). So twilight means ‘second/half light’ [source].

There are three different kinds of twilight: astronomical twilight, civil twilight and nautical twilight [source]. The difference between them involves how far the sun is below the horizon [source]

Twilight is also known as the blue hour, a calque of the French term heure bleue as the sky become a deep blue during twilight. [source].

In French it is also known as entre chien et loup (“between dog and wolf”) – a calque of the Latin inter canem et lupum, which means the same thing – because at twilight the difference between a dog and a wolf is not clear. [source].

Another word for twilight, used in northern England and Scotland, is gloaming, from Old English glōm (gloom, twilight, darkness) [source].

The prefix twi- appears in other English words, although few are currently used. They include: twifaced (having two faces, deceitful), twithought (a vague, uncertain or indistinct thought, doubt), twi-tongued (having two tongues, deceitful), and twi-minded (double-minded, uncertain, doubtful) [source].

I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur.

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Omniglot News (06/08/23)

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

Here’s the latest news from the world of Omniglot.

There are new language pages about:

  • Thai Song (ꪩꪱꪫꪶꪎ꫁ꪉ / ลาวโซ่ง), a Southwestern Tai language spoken in central Thailand
  • Oroko, a Bantu language spoken in southern Cameroon.
  • Ninde, a Southern Oceanic language spoken in central Vanuatu.

New fictional script: Sheikah, which is used to write English and Japanese in the games The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Hyrule Warriors: Age of Calamity.

Sample text in Sheikah (in Japanese)

New numbers pages:

  • Kupsabiny, a Southern Nilotic language spoken in eastern Uganda.
  • Ludic (lüüdin kiel’), a Finnic language spoken in part of the Republic of Karelia in Russia
  • Qashqai (Qaşqay dili), a Western Oghuz Turkic language spoken mainly in the Fars region of Iran.
  • Western Yugur (yoɣïr lar), a North East Turkic language spoken in Gansu Province in northwestern China.
  • Ili Turki (İlı turkeşi), a Turkic language spoken in northwestern China and Kazakhstan.

On the Omniglot blog there’s a post entitled Smiling Hum about the Finnish word hymy (smile), and related words, and there’s the usual Language Quiz. See if you can guess what language this is:

Here’s a clue: this language is spoken in Colombia

The mystery language in last week’s language quiz was Gawwada, a Cushitic language spoken in southern Ethiopia.

There’s a new Celtiadur post about words for Blind and related things in Celtic languages, and I made improvements to the post about words for Kings and related things.

In the Celtic Pathways podcast we uncover the Celtic roots of the word Cream.

In other news, I went to two French conversation groups this week – the usual one on Thursday night in Bangor, and another one on Wednesday night in Dinas Dinlle. It was nice to meet some new people and to see a place I hadn’t been to before.

For more Omniglot News see:
https://www.omniglot.com/news/
https://twitter.com/Omniglossia
https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/
https://www.facebook.com/Omniglot-100430558332117

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101

Celtic Pathways – Cream

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

In this episode we look into the Celtic roots of the word cream.

Chocolate Cream Pie

Cream comes from Middle English cre(i)me (cream, chrism [a mixture of oil and balsam]), from Old French cresme (cream), from Late Latin crāmum (cream), probably from Gaulish *crama, from Proto-Celtic *krammen (skin), from Proto-Indo-European (s)krama- [source].

Descendents in the modern Celtic languages possibly include:

  • screamh = a deposit on surface, coating, crust, scum in Irish.
  • sgrath [sɡrah] = bark, husk, peel, skin, crust in Scottish Gaelic
  • scrooig = crust, incrustation, scab, slime, scale in Manx
  • cramen [ˈkramɛn] = scab, sore, boil, crust, layer in Welsh
  • kragh = scab in Cornish
  • kramm = grime, filth in Breton

Other words from the same Proto-Celtic root include crème (cream, cool) in French, schram (scratch, scrape, graze) in Dutch, and creme (cream [coloured]) in German.

Incidentally, the Old English word for cream was rēam [ræ͜ɑːm], which comes from Proto-Germanic *raumaz (skin, film, cream), from PIE *réwgʰmn̥ (cream). A descendent of this word, ream, is apparently still used for cream in English dialects in northern England [source], and in Scots [source].

You can find more details of words for beaks, snouts and related things on the Celtiadur blog. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Omniglot News (30/07/23)

By Simon

Podcast: Play in new window | Download

Here’s the latest news from the world of Omniglot.

There are new language pages about:

  • West Uvean (Fagauvéa), a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Uvea in New Caledonia.
  • Krache (Krakye), a North Guang language spoken in eastern Ghana.
  • Wayampi (Wajãpi), a Northern Tupí-Guarani language spoken in northern Brazil and the southeast of French Guiana.

New adapted script: Latvilica, a way to write Latvian with the Cyrillic alphabet created by Wojciech Grala

Виси цилвеьки пиеѕимст бриьви ун виенлиьѕиьги саваь пашциењаь ун тиесиьбаьс. Вињи ир апвелтиьти ар сапраьту ун сирдсапзињу, ун вињием яьизтурас цитам прет циту браьлиьбас гараь.

New numbers pages:

  • West Uvean (Fagauvéa), a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Uvea in New Caledonia.
  • Ndyuka (Aukans), an English-based creole spoken in parts of Suriname and French Guiana.
  • Saramaccan (Saamáka), a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Suriname and French Guiana.
  • Bislama, an English-based creole language spoken in Vanuatu.

On the Omniglot blog there’s a post entitled Singing Cows about the origins of the word bazooka, and there’s the usual Language Quiz. See if you can guess what language this is:

Here’s a clue: this language is spoken in southern Ethiopia

The mystery language in last week’s language quiz was Ravula (യേരവാ / ಯೇರವಾ), a Dravidian language spoken in Karnataka and Kerala in southern India

There are new Celtiadur posts about words for Wheels and Hard and related things in Celtic languages, and I made improvements to the posts about Hills and Elbows

In this week’s Adventure in Etymology we uncover the woody origins of the word Busk.

For more Omniglot News see:
https://www.omniglot.com/news/
https://twitter.com/Omniglossia
https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/
https://www.facebook.com/Omniglot-100430558332117

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Stitcher, TuneIn, Podchaser, PlayerFM or podtail.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101