Brythonic Celtic Cognates

These words are cognate (related) in all the modern Brythonic Celtic languages. Click on the English translations to find out more about them on the Celtiadur blog

Click on the English versions that are links and you will be taken to the Celtiadur, where you can see what each word means, and how some of them are pronounced. There are also details of related words and expressions, and words in older versions of the Celtic languages, such as Middle Welsh and Old Irish. More Celtic Cognates

Celtic cognates

Words marked † are archaic/obsolete.

Cymraeg (Welsh)	Kernewek (Cornish)	Brezhoneg (Breton)	English
a(c)	ha(g)	ha(g)	and, while
âb, abad	abas	abad	abbot
aber	aber	aber	estuary, river mouth
abost(o)l	abostel	abostol	apostle
ach	agh	agom†	nearness, proximity, lineage, offspring
adain	aden†	attanoc†	wing, fin, feather
adnabod	aswon	anavezout	to know, to recognize
aer	ar†, hâr†	aer	slaughter, battle
afal	aval	aval	apple
afallen	avalen	avalwez	apple tree
aflafar	amlavar	amlavar	mute, dumb, inarticulate
afon	avon	aven	river
agor	ygor, ygeri	digor	to open, turn
agos	ogas	hogos	near, close
ail	eyl	eil	other, second
alarch	alargh	alarc'h	swan
allt	als	aod	hillock, hill(side), cliff, coast
allwedd	alhwedh	alc'hwez	key
amaeth	ammeth	ambaith†	servant, ploughman, savage
amrant	abrans	abrant	eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow
amser	amser	amzer	time, weather
anadl	anal	anal	breath
anawr	onour, enor	enor	honour
angau	ankow	ankow	dead, death, deceased
angel	eledh	ael	fire, angel
anifail	eneval	aneval	animal, beast
anner	annor	annoar	heifer, girl, maiden
ar draws	a-dreus	a-dreuz	across, traverse
aradr	arader	arar	plough, ploughman
arall	aral	arall	(an)other
arbennig	arbennik	arbennik	special, steward
ardd	ardh	arz	high
arian	arghans	arc'hant	silver
aros	gortos	ober	to wait, stay
arth	arth	arzh	bear
asgell	askel	askell	wing, fin, armpit
asgwrn	askorn	askorn	bone
astell	astel	astell	board, plank, ledge
asyn	asen	azen	donkey, ass
athro, alltraw	alltrow	aotroù	foster-father, nurse, teacher, lord
atreg	edrega	azrekaat	to change, to regret
aur	owr	aour	gold
awel	awel	avel	wind, breeze
awyr	ayr	aer	air, sky
bêr	ber†	ber	point, thorn, spear
bôn	ben	ben	base, foundation
baban	baban	baba, babig	baby, child
bach, bychan	byghan	bihan	small
bach	bagh	bac'h	hook, mattock, hindrance
bagad	bagas	bagad	bunch, cluster, band
baich	begh	bec'h	load, burden
bainc	bynk	menk	bench
balch	balgh	balc'h	proud, arrogant, strong
ban†	banna	banne	milk, drop
ban	ban	bann	horn, mountain, top, peak
banw	banow	banv	piglet, sow
bar	barr	barr	top, point, summit
bara	bara	bara	bread, loaf, cake
bardd	bardh	barzh	bard, poet
baril, barel	balyer	barilh	barrel, cask
bas	bas	bas	shallow
bedd	bedh	bez	grave, ditch
bedw	besowen	bezv	birch
bendith	bennath	bennozh	blessing, benediction
benyw, menyw	ben, benyn	e-ben	woman, wife
beru	perthi	berañ	to bear, to produce, to flow
berwr, berw	beler(en)	beler	cress, watercress
biwro	buro	burev	bureau, office
blaidd	bleydh	bleiz	wolf, sea monster
blasu	blasa	blasa	to taste, to smell
blawd	bleus	bleud	flour
blew	blew	blev	hair, bristles
blith, llefrith	leuerid	bleiz, livrizh	milk, milkiness
blodyn	bleujen	bleuñv	flower, blossom
bloneg	blonek	bloneg	fat, lard, blubber
blwyddyn	blydhen	bloavezh	year
boch	bogh	boc'h	cheek, bloat
bod	bos	bezañ	to be
boda, bwncath	bargos	baou	buzzard
bodd	bodh	boz	thanks, gratitude, (good)will
bogail, bogel	begel	begel	navel, centre, core
bol(a)	bolgh	bolc'h	belly, stomach
bos	bas	boz	palm, fist
bot(is), bwtias	botas	botez	boot, shoe
brân	bran	bran	crow, raven
brad	bras	barad	betray(al), treachery, conspiracy, deception
braen	breyn	brein	rotten
brag	brag	bragez	malt, grain
braich	bregh	brec'h	arm, hand
bram	bramm	bramm	fart, flatulence, raspberry
bras	bras	bras	great, big, swift
brawd	broder	breur	brother
bre	bre	bre	hill, mount, hillock, height
brenin	bryntin, brentin	brientin	king, aristocrat
brennig	brennik	brennig	barnacle, limpet(s)
breuant	briansen	breant	neck, throat, collar, trachea
bri	bri	bri	strength, essence, power, honour, dignity
brith	brith	brizh	speckled, variegated
brithyll	brithel	brezel	trout, mackerel
bro	bro	bro	country, territory, broch
broch	brogh	broc'h	badger
brwyn(en)	bronn(en)	broen(enn)	rush(es)
brych	brygh†	brec'h	speckled, striped, spotted
brydio	bryjyon	broudañ	to boil, to burn
bryn	bronn, brodn	bronn	hill(ock), breast, bulge
buan	buan	buan	fast, lively, quick
budd	budh	buz	victory, profit
bugail	bugel	bugel	boy, child, shepherd
buwch	bugh	buoc'h	cattle, cow
bwch, bwch gafr	bogh	bo(u)c'h	billy goat
bwd, bwth	bod†	bod	booth, hut, cottage
bwlch	bolgh	boulc'h	way, pass, breach, road
bwrdd, bwrd	bord, bordh	bourzh	table, board
bwyd	boos	boued	food
bwyell	bool	bouc'hal	axe, hatchet
byd	bys	bed	world, being, existence
byddar	bodhar	bouzar	deaf
byr	berr	berr	short, to cut
bys	bys	biz	finger
byson	bysow	bizou	ring, jewel
byw	bew	bev	alive, living
byw	bewa	bevañ	to live, alive
bywyd	bewnans	buhez	life
câr	kar	kar	friend, relative
cach	kawgh	kaoc'h	cack, shit, crap
cad	kas	kad	battle
cae	ke	kae	field, hedge
caer	ker	kaer	fort, town
caill	kell	kell	testicle
calan	kalan	kala, kaland	calends, 1st of month
caled	kales	kalet	hard, stingy
callor, callawr	kalter	kaoter	cauldron, kettle, boiler
calon	kolon	kalon	heart, soul
cam	kamm	kamm	crooked, bent, curve
cam	kamm	kamm	step
camse	hevis	hiviz	shirt, chemise, smock
cant	kans	kant	hundred
canu	kana	kanañ	to sing, to speak
car	karr(ik)	karr	car, chariot, wagon
carchar	carhar†	karc'har	prison, jail
card(en), cerdyn, cardyn	karten	kartenn	card
caredd	cara†	karez	mistake, sin
carreg	karrek	karreg	rock, stone
carw	karow	karv	deer, stag
caseg	kasek	kazeg	mare
castell	kastel	kastell	fort, fortress, town, city, castle
cath	kath	kazh	cat
cau	kew	kev	hollow, cavity, cave
cawell	kowell	kavell	basket, creel, pannier
caws	keus	keuz	cheese
cedor	kedhoren	kezour	pubic hair, down
ceffyl	cevil†, kevil†	kefel	horse
cefn	keyn	kein	back
(cefn)der(w)	(ken)derow	(ken)derv	sure, certain
cegin	kegin	kegin	kitchen
cegin	kegin	kegin, kegin-derv	jay, woodpecker
ceiliog	kulyek	kilhog	cockerel, rooster
cell	kell	kell	cell, church
celwrn	kelorn	kelorn	pitcher, cask, bucket
celyn(en)	kelyn(nen)	kelen(enn)	holly
cerbyd	cerpit†	karbed	chariot, car
cerdded	kerdhes	kerzhet	to walk
cern	korn	kern	corner, angle
Cernyweg	Kernewek, Kernowek, Curnoack	Kerneveureg	Cornish (language)
cesair	keser	kazarc'h	hail
chwŷd	hwyja, hweja	c'hwed	vomit
chwaer	hwor	c'hoar	sister
chwech	hweg	c'hwek	sweet, delicate
chwech	hwegh	c'hwec'h	six
chwedl	hwedhel	kehel	story, tale, news
chwerthin	hwerthin	c'hoarzhin	to laugh, to smile, to rejoice
chwerw	hwerow	c'hwerv	bitter, sour
chwilio	hwilas	holc’hiñ	to search, to seek
chwydu	hwyja, hweja	c'hwedañ	to vomit
ci	ki	ki	dog, hound
cig	kig	kig	breast, meat, flesh
cil	kil	kil	back, corner
cilydd	kyla	kile	companion, spouse
cinio	kinnyow	koanier	dinner, supper, to dinev
cladd, clais, clawdd	kleudh	kleuz	ditch, groove, trench
cledd	cleth	kleiz	left, north
cleddyf	kledha	kleze(n)	sword
clegyr	klegrow	kleger	stony place, convent, rocks, crag
cloch	klogh	kloc'h	bell, clock
clod	clos†	klod	fame, praise, renown
clog	clog	kleger	stone, cliff
clwyd	kloos	kloued	hurdle, fence
clyw	klew	klev	hearing, fame
clywed	klewes	klevet	to hear
cnau	know	kraoñ	nut
cnawd	kneus	kneud (?)	skin, flesh
cnoi	knias	krignat	to chew, to gnaw, to bite
cnu(f)	knew	krew, kreoñ	fleece
cnwc	krug	krec’h	hill, mount, mound, breast
coed, coeden	koos	koad	forest, wood, tree
cof	kov	koun	memory
cofio	kova	kounaat	to remember
col(a), coly	kolgh	kolc'h	sword, bristle, prickle, awn, spike
coll	koll	kelvez	hazel
colomen, clomen	kolom	koulm, koulom	pigeon, dove
coludd	kolodhyon	kaouded	intestine, guts, heart
colwyn	kolyn	kolen	puppy
copr	kober	kouevr	copper
cord	korden	kordenn	cord, string, rope
corff	korf	korf	body
corwg	koroug	korac'h	coracle, currach
coth	koth	kozh	old (man), ancient
cragen, crogen	krogen	krogenn	shell(s), scallop
craidd	kres	kreiz	heart, centre
crau, craw	krow	krao, kraou	stable, enclosure
credu	krysi, kreji	krediñ	to believe
crefydd	kryjyans	kredenn, kravez	religion, piety, devotion
cri	kriv	kriz	raw, crude
crib	krib	krib	comb, crest, furrow, limit, end
croen	kroghen	kroc'hen	skin, hide, surface
crug	krug	cruc	hillock, heap, mound, pile
crwn	krenn, kern	krenn	round
crwydr	kroder	krouer	sieve, riddle
crych	krygha	krec'h	ripple, wrinkle, curly
crychydd	kerghydh	kerc'heiz	heron, stork, crane
cryd	kren	kren	fever, trembling, shaking
cryf	krev	kreñv	strong, forceful, solid
crynu	krena	krenañ	to tremble, quake, shiver
crys	krys	krez	shirt, belt, girdle
cu	kuv	kuñv	dear, gentle, sweet
cuan	kowann, cowan	kaouenn	owl
cuan	kowan	kaouenn	owl
cudd	kudh	kuzh	secret, hidden
cwch	kok	kouc'h	boat, beehive
cwlwm	kolm, kolmen	skoulmoù, skoulm	knot
cwm	komm	komm	(deep) valley, coombe
cwmwl	kommol	koumoul	fog, mist, cloud
cwningen	konin	koulin, konifl, konikl	rabbit
cwrw	korev	korev	beer, feast, banquet
cwsg	kosk	kousked	sleep, slumber
cwyn	kon	koan	dinner, supper
cwyn	kynvan	keuziañ	lament, mourning, weeping
cwyno	kyni	keuziañ	to lament, to complain
cyff	kyf	kef	stock, block, trunk, log
cyffylog	kevelek	kefeleg	woodcock
cyfrin	kevrin	kevrin	secret, mystery
cyfrwym	kevren	kevre	binding, fetter, fastening
cylch	kelgh, kylgh	klec'h	circle, ring
cylched	kolghes	golc'hed	fold, wrinkle, coverlet, duvet
cylion(en)	kelyon(en)	kelien(enn)	fly, gnat, midge
cyllell	kollell	kontell	knife
cymer	kemper	kember	ravine, confluence
cymysg	kemmysk	kemmesk	mix(ture), tumult, blend(ed)
cynnull	kuntel	kuntuilh	collection, gathering, picking
cynt	kyns	kent	first, before, previous
cysgu	koska	kousket	to sleep
dâr, derw(en)	dar, derw(en)	derv	oak
dŵr	dowr	dour	water
da	da	da	good, well, pleasant
dadl	dadhel	dael	meeting, assembly, argument
dafad	davas	dañvad	sheep, ox, deer
dail	delen	deil	leaf, foliage
dall	dall	dall	blind
danadl(en)	linas(en)	linad(enn)	nettle(s)
darn	darn	darn	part, piece
dau (m), dwy (f)	dew (m), diw (f)	daou (m), div (f)	two, both, pair
ddoe	de	de'ch	yesterday, tonight
deau, de	dyghow	dehou	right, south
defnydd	devnydh	danvez	matter, material, substance
deg	deg	dek	ten
deifio	dewi	deviñ	to burn
deigryn, deigr	dagren	daer	tear, drop
denu	dena	denañ	to attract, to suck(le)
derwyddiaeth	drewydhieth	drouizelezh	magic, sorcery, druidism
dial	dial	dial	revenge, vengence, damage
din, dinas	din, dinas	din	fort, fortress, town, city, castle
diogel	diogel	diogel	safe, secure, sure
disgybl	dyskybel	diskibl	disciple, pupil
disgyn	diyskynna, skynnya	diskenn	to descend
diwedd	diwedh	diwezh	end, after
dod, dyfod	dos	donet	to come
drudwy	trojen	tred, tridig	starling
drwg	drog	drouk	bad, evil
drws, dôr	daras	dor	door
drwy, derwydd	druw, drewydh	drouiz	druid, wizard
du	du	du	black
dug	duk	dug	duke
duges	dukes	dugez	duchess
dugiaeth, du(w)ciaeth	duketh	dugaj, dugelezh	duchy
dur	dur	dir	steel, hard, dour
duw	duw	doue	god, deity
dwfn	down	don	deep, profound
dwrgi, dyfrgi, ci dŵr	dowrgi	dourgi	otter, beaver
dwrn	dorn	dorn	fist, hand
dwyn	don	dougen	to lead, bear, carry
dydd	dydh	deiz	day
dylu	tyli	dlead, dlean	to be entitled to, to owe, to deserve
dyn	den	den	person, human, man
ebol	ebel	ebeul	horse, colt, foal
echel	ahgel	ahel	axle, axis
echwydd	ewhe†	ec'hoaz	night, evening
edn†, aderyn	edhen	evn	bird
efwr, ewr	evor	evor	yew, alder
eglwys	eglos	iliz	church
ehedydd, hedydd	evidit†, ahwesydh	ehuedez†, alc'hweder	(sky)lark
eiddew	idhyow	iliav	ivy
eidion	ojyon	ejon	bullock, heifer
eira	ergh	erc'h	snow
eirinen	eyrinen	irinenn	plum, damson, sloe
eistedd	esedha, sedha	sichañ	to sit
eithin	eythinen	ethin†	furze, gorse, whin
elin	elin	ilin	elbow
ellyn	alsen, alten	aotenn	razor, sharp knife
enaid	enev	ene	soul, spirit
enw	hanow	anv	name
eog	eghek	eog	salmon
ergyr	ercor†	ercor†	shot, push, thrust
ergyr	ercor†	ercor†	shot, missile, thrust
eryr	er	erer	eagle
esgair	escher†	esker	ridge, crag, shin
esgob	epskop	eskob	bishop
esgud	uskis	eskuit	nimble, quick, swift
estron	estren	estren	foreign, strange
ewin	ewin	ivin	nail, claw, talon, hoof
ewin	ewin	ivin	(finger/toe), nail
ewinog	ewinoc†	ivinek	nailed, clawed, taloned, hoofed
ffawcwn, ffawlcwn	falghun	falc'hun	falcon, hawk
fforc	forgh	forc'h	fork
ffos	fos	foz	wall, butress, ditch
ffraeth	freth	fraezh	fluent, eloquent
ffroen	frig	froen	nose, nostril
ffrwd	fros	froud	stream, river, current, valley
ffrwyth	frothen	frouezh	fruit
ffynnon	fenten	feunteun	spring, fountain, well
gâl	gal	gal†	ardour, vapour, enemy
gên	gen	gen	mouth, jaw, cheek, chin
gŵr	gour	gour	man, husband
gŵydd	goodh	gouez	wild
gŵyl	gool	gouel	feast, festival
gŵyl	gool	gouel	feast, festival
gŵyr	gwarr	gwar	crooked, bent, curve
gaeaf	gwaf	goañv	winter
gafael	gavel	gabael	to hold, to take
gafl	gowl	gaol	fork, crotch, gable
gafr	gaver	gavr	goat
gair, gawr	ger	ger	call, shout, word
gair	ger	ger	to call, to shout, to invoke
galar	galar	glacʼhar	sickness, disease, grief
gallu	gallos	gallout	to be able to
galw	galow	galv	(to) shout, (to) call, appeal
gan	gans	gant	with, by, together
gar	garr	gar	leg, shank, thigh
garan	garan	garan	crane, heron
garm	garm	garm	call, shout, yell
garth	orth	garth	field, garden, enclosure, hedge, plain
gell	gell	gell	white
geni	genys	genel	to be born, to beget, birth
glân	glan	glan	clean, clear
glas	glas	glas	blue, green, grey
glastannen	glastanen	tann(enn)	oak, holm oak, gorse, whin, furze
glaw	glaw	glav	rain
glin	glyn	glinn	knee
glo	glow	glaou	star, coal
gloria	glori	gloar	glory
gloyw	glew	gloev	clear, very, bright
glud	glus	glud	glue, paste, (s)lime
glyn	glynn, glydn	glen	glen, hollow, valley
glynu	glena	gludañ	to stick, to glue, to adhere
gnawd	gnas	gnot†	custom, habit, quality
gnif	gonis	niñv	action, deed, toil
go	go†	gwa-, gou-	under, below, rather
gof	gov	gov	(black)smith
gofer	gover	gou(v)er	stream
gogledd	gogledh	gougleiz, gouglez	left, north
(g)ogof	gogow	gougoñ	cave
golau	golow	gouloù	light, bright, fair
golau	golow	gouloù	light, flame
golchi	golhi	gwalc'hiñ	to wash
golfan	golvan	golvan	sparrow
grawn	greun	greun	grain
gro	grow	grouan	gravel, shingle
grug	grug	brug	heather
gwŷdd	gwydh	gwez	tree(s), wood, timber
gwaed	goos	gwad	blood
gwaeth	gweth	gwazh	worse
gwag	gwag	gwak	empty, soft, delicate
gwair	gora	garzh	hay, grass
gwall	gwall	gwall	deceit, treachery, mistake, defect
gwallt	gols	guolt†	hair
gwan	gwann	gwan	weak, feeble
gwanu	gwana	gwanañ	to wound, stab
gwanwyn	gwaynten	nevez-amzer	spring
gwas	gwas	gwaz	servant, boy, husband
gwasgu	gwaska	gwaskañ	to squeeze, to press
gwastad	gwastas	gou(e)stad	stay, respite, flat, slow
gwayw	guw	goaf	spear, javelin, beam
gwefl	gwelv†	gweol†	jaw, lip
gwefus	gweus	gweuz	mouth, cheek, lip
gweld	gweles	gwelet	to see, to be
gweli	goli	gouli	blood, wound
gwellt	gwels	geot, gwelt	grass, graze
gwenith	gwaneth	gwinizh	wheat
gwennol	gwennol	gwennel	swallow, martin
gwenynen	gwenenen	gwenanenn	(honey) bee
gwerin	gwerin	gwerin	people, staff, plebs, crew
gwern	gwern	gwern	alder
gwest	gwester	guest†	festival, entertainment, guest
gweu	gwia	gweañ	to weave
gwialen	gwelen	gwial, gwalenn	rod(s), cane, pole
gwin	gwin	gwin	wine
gwir	gwir	gwir	true
gwiwer	gwiwer	gwiñver	squirrel
gwlân	gwlan	glaon	wool
gwlad	gwlas, gulas	glad	prince, lordship, country, nation
gwledd	gwledh	gloê	feast, banquet
gwlyb	gleb, glyb	gleb	wet
gwneud	gul	ober	to do, to make
gwobr	gober	gopr	prize, reward, fee
gwrach	gwragh	gwrac'h	old woman, hag, witch
gwraidd	gwreydh	gwrizienn	root, origin, source
gwres	gwres	gwrez	warmth, heat
gwrm†	gorm, (brown)	uurm†, (dark)	blue, black
gwybod	godhvos	gouzout	to know, find out, discover
gwydd	goedh	gwaz	goose
gwyddbwyll	gwydhbol	gwezboell	chess
Gwyddel	Godhal	Gouezel	Gael, Irish person
gwydr	gweder	gwer	glass
gwylan	golan	gouelan	seagull
gwyn	gwynn	gwenn	white, blond
gwynt	gwyns	gwent	whistle, wind
gwyrdd	gwyrdh, gwer	gwer	green
gwystl	gostel	gouestl	hostage, pledge
gwyth	gooth	gwazh	sinew, muscle, vein, channel, stream
gylfin	gelvin	golv	beak, nose
hâl	hyli	hal	sea water, salt
hân	han	han	particular, specific, different
had	has	had	seed
haearn	horn	houarn	iron
haf	haf	hañv	summer
hafal	haval	hañvalat	likeness, model, similarity
hafar	havar	hañvesk (?)	summer fallow
haid	hes	hed	swarm, flock, herd
halen	holen	holen	salt
hanner	hanter	hanter	half
haul	howl	heol	eye, sun
heb	heb	hep	without, otherwise, by, past
hebog, gwalch	hok	gwalc'h	falcon, hawk
hedd	hedh	hez	peace, mound, fairy
heddiw	hedhyw	hiziu	today
helygen (sg), helyg (pl)	helygen (sg), helyk (pl)	halegenn (sg), haleg (pl)	willow
hen	hen	hen	old
hesg(en)	hesk(en)	hesk(enn)	sedge(s) rush(es)
hesg(en)	hesk(en)	hesk(enn)	sedge(s), rush(es)
hid(d)l	sidhel	sil	filter, sieve
hid(d)l	sidhel	sil	filter, sieve
hil	hil	hil	seed
hin	hin	hinon	(stormy) weather, climate
hir	hir	hir	long, constant, eternal
hiraeth	hireth	hiraezh	longing, homesick(ness), melancholy
hoedl	hoedel†	hoal	life(time)
(h)oll	oll	holl	all, every(thing), entire
holl(t)af, holl(t)i	folsa, folja	faoutañ	to split, to cleave
hollt	fols	faout	split, cleft, slit
hud	hud	hud	magic
huddygl	hudhgyel	huzil	soot
hun	hun	hun	sleep, slumber
hwch	hogh	ho(u)c'h	sow, pig, swine
hwch	hogh	ho(u)c'h	sow, pig, swine, snout
hwn, hon, hyn	henn	henn†	that, this
hwrdd	hordh	(h)ourz	ram
hwyaden	hos	houad	duck, swan
hwyl	gool	gouel	sail
hyd	hes	hed	length, long, extent
hydd	hedh	heizez	stag, hart, deer
hydr	hardh	her	strong, brave, bold
hydref	hedra, kynnyay, kydnyadh	here, kozhamzer, diskar-amzer	autumn
hynt	hens, hyns	hent	path, way, course, road
hysb, hesb	hesk	hesk	barren, sterile, dry, milkless cow
iain	yeyn	yen	cold, freezing, icy
iain	yeyn	yen	frost, ice
iaith	yeth	yezh	language, people
iar	yar	yar	hen, chicken
iau	yew	yev	yoke
ifanc	yowynk, yonk	yaouank	young
is	a-is	is	down(wards), below, under
isel	isel	izel	low
iwrch	yorgh	yourc'h	roe-deer
lars, llar(s)wydd	larwedhen	melez	larch (tree)
llên	lien	lenn	to read, reading, literature, learning
lladd(af)	ladha	lazhañ	to smite, to kill, to slay
llaes	lows	laosk	loose, slack, lax
llaeth	leth	laezh	milk, sweet milk
llaid	leys	lec'hid	mud, mire, swamp
llaith	leyth	leizh	damp, humid, moist
llamu	lamma	lammat	to jump
llan	lann	lann	church, parish, land, enclosure
llanerch	lannergh	lanneg	glade, clearing, pasture
llath	lath	lazh	stick, rod, staff
llaw, llai	le	lei	small(er), little, less(er)
llaw	leuv	lav	hand, arm
llawdr	lodrik	loer	trousers, sock, area
llawen	lowen, lowenek	laouen	happy, merry
llawn	leun	leun	full
llawr	leur	leur	floor, ground
llech	legh	lec'h	stone, slate
lled	les	led	half, breadth, width
lledr	ledher	lêr	leather, hide, skin
llef	lev	leñv†	shout, cry, voice
llefaru	leverel	lavaret	to speak, to say, to talk
lleia(f)	lyha	leham†	least, minimal
llen	len	lenn	cloak, mantle, curtain
llestr	lester	lestr	vessel, ship, cup, vase
lleuen	louen†	laouenn	louse
llewyrn	lowarn	louarn	fox
lliw	lyw	liv	colour, hue, pigment
llo	leugh	leue	calf
lloer	loor	loar	moon
llosgi	leski	leskiñ, loskañ	to burn
llost	lost	lost	tail, purpose, end
llu	lu	lu	people, horde, force
lluarth	lowarth	liorzh	(kitchen) garden, park
lludw	lusu	ludu	ash(es), cinders, embers
llun	lun	lun	Monday, moon
llw	li	le	oath, vow, (to) swear
llwch	logh	loc'h	lake, pond, inlet
llwdn	lodn	loen	filly, colt, animal, bullock
llwm	lomm	lomm	bare, naked
llwnc, llwng	lonk	lonk	gullet, swallowing
llwnc, llwng	lonk	lonk	swallow, gulp, swig, gullet
llwrw	lergh	lerc’h	to search, track, trail
llwy	lo	loa	spoon, ladle
llwyd	loos	loued	grey
llwyf	elow	evlec'h	elm, linden, lime
llwyth	looth	liezh	people, tribe
llydan	ledan	ledan	wide, broad
llyfan	lovan	louan	rope, lead, string, strap
llyfn	leven	levn	slippery, smooth
llyfr	lyver	levr	book
llyg, llygoden	logosen	loc†, logodenn	mouse, shrew
llygad	lagas	lagad	eye
llymu	llymma	lemmañ	to grind, to polish, to sharpen
llyn	lin	liñvenn	ale, beer, liquid, drink
llyn	lynn, lydn	lenn	lake, pool
llyncu	lenki	lonkañ	to swallow, to gulp
llyncu	lenki	lonkañ	to swallow, to gulp
llys	lis	lez	ringfort, court, fairy mound
llys	les	louzaouenn	plant, herb
llysywen, 'slywen	sylli	silienn	eel
llyw	lew	levier	rudder, pilot
mêl	mel	mel	honey
mêr	mer	mel	(bone) marrow, pith, sap
môr	mor	mor	sea
mab	mab	mab	son, boy
machdaith	maghteth	matez	maid(en), servant, girl
mad†	mas†	mat/mad	good
maen	men	maen	stone, place
maer(es)	mer(es)	maer(ez)	mayor(ess)
maer	maynor	merour	steward, agent, baliff
maes	mes	maez	field, plain
magl	maglen	maclou†	mesh, husk, snare, trap
magu	maga	magañ	to raise, feed, nurture
maidd	meydh	meid†	whey
maint	myns	ment	size, amount, quantity
malu	mala	malañ	to grind, to crush, to chew
mam	mamm	mamm	mother, stepmother, nurse
maneg	manek	maneg	glove, sleeve
mantell	mantel	mantell	mantle, cloak
march	margh	marc'h	horse, stallion
marchog	marghek	marc'heg	horseman, rider, jockey
marw, marwolaeth	mernans	marv	dead, death, deceased
marw	merwel	mervel	to die, dead
mawr	meur	meur	big, large, great
mechdeyrn, mychdeyrn, machdeyrn	metern, myghtern	machtiern†	king
medd	medh	mez	mead
meddal	medhel	med(d)al†	soft, tender
meddw	medhow	mezv	intoxicating, drunk, intoxicated
meddyg	medhek	mezeg	doctor
medel	midil†	midil†	(working) party, contingent, reaper(s)
meistr	mester	mestr	master
melin	melin, belin	milin, melin	mill, factory
melyn	melyn	melen	yellow, blonde
merch	myrgh	merc'h	daughter, girl
mes	mes	mez	(tree) fruit, nut, acorn(s)
metel, metal	metol	metal	metal, mettle
meth	meth	mezh	decay, failure, shame, disgrace
mil	mil	mil	1,000
mil	mil	mil	animal, louse, insect
min	min	min	lip, mouth, pout
mis	mis	miz	month
moch(yn)	mogh	moc'h	pig
modryb	modrep	moereb	mother, aunt
moel	mool	moal	bald, bare
moelrhon, moelrhawn	reun	reunig	seal
mollt	mols	maout	ram, wether
morfil	morvil	morvil	whale, fish
morfil	morvil	morvil, balum	whale
morgrugyn, mor, mŷr, myrr	moryon	merion	ant
morthwyl	morthol	morzhol	hammer
mwng	mong	moue	mane
mwyalch	molgh, molgh dhu	moualc'h, moualc'h zu	blackbird, thrush, ouzel
mwyar	mor	mouar	berry, blackberry
mwyn, mŵn	moon	men†	mineral, ore, metal, mine
mwyn	muin	maon	gift, gentle, thin
mwyn	moon	moan	smooth, soft, tender, mild
myn	min	menn	kid goat
mynach	managh	manac'h	monk
mynaches	managhes	manac'hez	nun
mynawyd	menowes	minaoued	awl, bodkin
mynd	mos	monet	to go
mynydd	menydh	menez	mountain, moorland, hillside
mysg	mysk	mesk	jumble, mix(ture), among(st), midst
Nadolig	Nadelik	Nedeleg	Christmas
nai	noy	niz	nephew
nant	nans	ant	stream
naw	naw	nav	nine
neb	neb	neb	person, (some)one, no-one
nedd(en)	nedh(en)	nez(enn)	nit(s)
nedd(en)	nedh(en)	nez(enn)	nit(s)
nef	nev	neñv	sky, heaven
neidr	nader	naer	snake
neithiwr	nyhewer	neizheur	last night
nerth	nerth	nerzh	strength, might, power, force
nes	nes	nes	approximate, while, near(er), close
nesa(f)	(an) nessa	nesañ	nearer, nearest, next
newydd	nowydh	nevez	new
nifer	niver	niver	number
nith	nith, noyth	nizh	niece, daughter
niwl	niwl	nivlenn	cloud, mist, fog
nod	nos	not	note, mark, symbol
nodwydd	naswydh, najedh	nadoez	needle, pin
nodyn	notya	notenn	note
noeth	noth	noazh	naked, bare
nos	nos	noz	night
nyddu	nedha	nezañ	to spin, to twist
nyth	neyth	neizh	nest
oen	oen	oan	lamb
oes, oed	oos, ooj	oad	age
ofer	euver	euver	vain, pride, worthless, bland
offis	offis	ofis	office
ofn	own	ovn	fear, dread
ofnog	ownek	aonik	fearful, dreadful, timid
olhau	holya	heulian	to follow, to trace
onn	onn	onn	ash
pâl	pal	pal	scythe, spade, shovel
pa	py, pe	pe	what(?), which(?)
pabell	pabel	pabell	tent, pavilion
pair	per†	per	cauldron, kettle, boiler
pant	pans	pant	hill(ock), hollow, slope
parod	parys	pared	ready, convenient, cooked
pas	pas	paz	cough
Pasg	Pask	Pask	Easter
pech	pegh	pec'h	sin, guilt
pedwar (m), pedair (f)	peswar (m), peder (f)	pevar (m), peder (f)	four
pell	pell	pell	far, disant, long
pen	penn	penn	head
pendefig	pennsevik, pednsyvik	pinvidik	chief, prince, rich
pen-glin, pen-lin	penn glin, pedn glin	penn-glin	knee
peth	pyth, peth	pezh	part, portion, thing, piece
pig	pig	pik	pickaxe, pike, peak
pigell	pigell	pigell	goad, hoe, mattock
pis(i)er	pycher	picher	pitcher, jug
plant	plans	plantenn	children, clan, plant
plemysen	ploumen	prunenn	plum
plisg(en)	plisk(en)	plusk(enn)	shell(s), husk(s)
plu(f)	pluv	pluñv	down, feather(s), plumage
plwyf	pluw	ploue	parish, countryside
plyg	pleg	pleg	bend, fold, crease
plygu	plegya	plegañ	to bend, to fold, to crease
pob	pob	pep	each, every
pobi	pobas	pobat	to bake
pobl	pobel	pobl	people, family
pocyn	poccuil†	pok	kiss
poeth	pooth	poazh	hot, cooked
pont	pons	pont	bridge
porchell	porghel	porc'helleg	piglet, sow
porffor	purpur	pourpré	purple
porth	porth	porzh	portal, door, gate, courtyard
porth	porth	porzh	harbour, port, landing place
potel	botel	boutailh	bottle
pren	pren	prenn	tree, mast, boom, wood, bar
priod	pries	pried	married, spouse, peculiar, special, proper
pryd	prys	pred	time, moment
pryf	pryv, prev	preñv	worm, maggot, insect
prynu	prena	prenañ	to buy, to purchase, to obtain
pump	pymp	pemp	five
pwy	piw	piv	who(?), what(?), how(?)
pwy	piw	piw	who(?)
pwyll	poll	poell	mind, sense
pwys	poos	pouez	weight, heavy, important
pysgod	pysk, pesk	pesked	fish
rhad	ras	rat	grace, virtue
rhaith	reyth	reizh	law, decree, regular, right
rhan	radn	rann	division, part
rhaw	reuv	roev	oar, paddle, shovel, spade
rhawn	ren†	reun	(horse)hair, mane
rhedeg	resek	redek	to run
rhedyn	reden	raden	fern, bracken
rheol	rewl	reol	(to) rule, to govern, regulation
rhew	rew	rev	frost, ice
rhi	riel	ri†	king, royal
rhif, cyfrif	riv	riñv	number, to count
rhin, cyfrin	rin, kevrin	rin	secret, mystery
rhisgl	rusken	rusk	bark, beehive
rhod	ros	rod	wheel, bicycle
rhoi	ri, rei	reiñ	to stretch, to give
rhos(yn)	rosen	rozenn, ruz-roz	rose(s)
rhos(yn)	rosen	rozenn, ruz-roz	rose(s)
rhos	ros	ros	promontory, wood
rhudd	rudh	ruz	red
rhyd	rys	red	ford
rhydd	rydh	rid†	free, cheap
rhyn	rynn	rinn	point, top, cape, promontory
sêr	ster	ster	river, star
sŵn, sôn	son	son	sound, noise
saeth	seth	saezh	arrow
saith	seyth	seizh	seven
samonsamwn	sowman	somon	salmon
sarff	serpont, sarf	sarpant	snake, serpent
sawdl	seudhel	seul	heel
sebon	sebon	soavon	soap, flattery
sefyll	sevel	sevel	to stand
segur	syger	sigur	idle, lazy, slow
serth	serth	serzh	steep, stiff, robust
sicr, siŵr	sur	segur	sure, cetain, shrewd
stryd	stret	straed	street, alley, highway
sudd, sug	sugen	soubenn, chug	juice, sap, soup
swyf	soov	soav	tallow, fat, grease
swyn	sona	saouzan	sign, charm, spell, stupor
sych	sygh, segh	sec'h	dry
sychu	segha	sec'hañ	to dry
syfi	sevi	sivi	strawberry, berry
syfrdan	sowdhan	saouzan	stunned, confusion, surprise
tâl, talaith	tal	tailh	fare, fee, tally
tâl	tal	tal	forehead, brow, head
tân	tan	tan	fire, lightning
tŷ	chi	ti	house
tabl	tabel	taol	table, board
tad	tas	tad	father
tafarn	tavern	tavarn	tavern, pub
tafod	taves, tavas	teod	language, tongue, tribe, people
tagu	taga	tagañ	to choke
tam	tamm	tamm	morsel, chunk
taradr	tarder	tarar	augur, drill
taran	taran	taran	thunder, noise
tarddu	tardha	tarzhañ	to spring, to burst, to explode
tarw	tarow	tarv	bull
taw	taw	taw	silence, quiet
tawdd	teudh	teuz	molten, melting
teg	teg	tek	fair, beautiful, just
telyn	telyn	telenn	harp
tenau	tanaw	tanav	thin, slender
tes	tes	tes	heat, warmth
teth	teth	tezh	nipple, teat
teulu	teylu	tiegezh	family, household
tew	tew	tev	thick
tewi	tewel	tevel	to be silent, to be quiet
teyrn	tern†	tiern	lord, ruler, king
tir	tir	tir	land, country
to	to	to	roof, thatch
toddi	teudha, teudhi	teuziñ	to thaw, to melt
toes	toos	toas, toaz	dough
toes	toos	toas, toaz	dough
ton	ton†	tonn	surface, land, skin
ton	ton	tonn	wave, billow
trên	tren	tren, trên	train
tra	dres	tra	over, across, beyond
traeth	treth	traezh	beach, shore, sand
trai	trig	tre, trec'h	beach, ebb, shore
tre(f)	trev	trev	town, house, farmstead
tri (m), tair (f)	tri (m), teyr (f)	tri (m), teir (f)	three
trigio, godrig(af)	triga	guotric†	to live, to remain
trist	trist	trist	sad
tro	tro	tro	rotation, cycle, surround
troed	troos	troad	foot
troi	troyllya	treiñ	to turn, spin
tru	tru	tru	miserable, wretched, sad
trugar, trugaredd	tregeredh	trugar†, trugarez	merciful, pity, thanks
trwy	dre	dre	through, over, across
trwyn	tron	stroen	nose, snot
trych	trygh	trec'h	strong(er), might, brave, conquest, superior
tud	tus	tud	tribe, people, territory
twll	toll	toull	hollow, empty, hole
twng	ti	tou	oath, vow
twrch	torgh	tourc'h	wild boar, hog
twyll	toll	touell	treachery, guile, deceit
twym	tomm, tobm	tomm	warm, hot
tyfu	tevy	teñviñ	to grow
tyngu	tia	touiñ	to swear, vow
tyno	tnow	traoñ, traou	valley, dale, bottom
tywyll	tew(a)l	teñval	darkness, gloom
uchel	ughel	uhel	high, noble
uchenaid	hanas	huanad	sigh, groan
ucheneid(i)o	hanasa, hanaja	huanadañ	to sigh, to groan
ufyl, hyful	uvel	uvel	humble, meek, submissive
ugain	ugens	ugent	twenty
un	onan	unan	one, same, any
urdd	urdh	urzh	order, sequence
uthr	euth	euz	horror, dread, fright
uwch	a-ugh	uhel	up(wards), above, over
wybr	ebron	oabl	sky, air
wylo	ola	gouelañ	to cry, to weep, claim, prayer
wyneb	enep	eneb	face, honour, reputation
wyth	eth	eizh	eight
ych	oghen	oc'hen	ox, deer
yfed	eva	evañ	to drink
yfory	a-vorow	(w)arc'hoazh	tomorrow
ymennydd	ympynnyon	empenn	mind, brain
(y)menyn	amanyn	amanenn, amann, amonenn	butter
ynys	enys	enez	island
ysbryd	sperys, spyrys	spered	soul, life, spirit
(y)sgafell	skavel	skabell	eaves, shelf, bench, stool
ysgafn	skav	skañv	light (weight)
ysgafnhau	skafhe	skañvaad	to lighten
ysgaru	skwardya	skarat	to sever, to separate, to split
ysgefaint	skevens	skevent	lung(s)
ysgod	skeus	skeud	shadow, shade
ysgol	skol	skol	school
(y)sgolor	skoler	skolaer	scholar, pupil, student
(y)sgraff	skath	skof	boat, skiff
ysgrifennu	skrifa	skrivañ	to write
ysgub, ysgubell	skub, skubell	skub, skubell	brush, broom, sheaf
ysgubor	skiber	skiber	barn
ysgwyd	skoos	skoed	shield
ysgwydd	skoodh	skoaz	shoulder, fin, wing
ysgwydd	skoodh	skoaz	shoulder, fin, wing
ysgyfarn†	skovarn	skouarn	ear, handle
ysgyfarnog, sgyfarnog	skovarnek	scouarnec	hare, long-eared
ysgywdd	skoodh	skoaz	shoulder
ystaen, staen	sten	staen	tin, pewter
ystafell	stevel	staul†	stable, room
ystrad	stras	strad	(flat) valley, strath, bottom
ystudiwr	studhyer	studier	student, scholar, academic
ythr†	ynter, yntra	etre	between
yw	ewin	iwin, ivin	yew

[top]

Celtic cognates

Celtiadur

The Celtiadur blog is a collection of Celtic cognates, with definitions, pronunciation, etymologies - includes the modern Celtic languages, older versions of these languages, such as Middle Welsh, Middle Breton and Old Irish, and their extinct and reconstructed relatives and ancestors, including Gaulish, Proto-Brythonic and Proto-Celtic.

Celtic Pathways

On the Celtic Pathways podcast I discuss connections between the Celtic languages, and look for words with Celtic roots in non-Celtic languages, such as English, French, Spanish, Galician and Portuguese.

Information about Celtic languages

Breton, Celtiberian, Cornish, Cumbric, Gaulish, Irish, Lepontic, Lusitanian, Manx, Neo-Brittonic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh

[top]

You can support this site by Buying Me A Coffee, and if you like what you see on this page, you can use the buttons below to share it with people you know.

The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101

If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make my living.

Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.

[top]